Blood and flood are not like food Nor it mould like should and would Banquet is not nearly parquet Which is said to rhyme with "darky".
Rounded, wounded; grieve and sleeve Friend and fiend; alive and live; Liberty, library; heave and heaven Rachel, ache, moustach, slaven.
We say hallowed but allowed People, leopard; towed but vowed Mark the difference moreover
Between mover, plover, Dover Leeches, breeches, wise, precise; Challice, but police and lice,
VI. SYLLABLE
Though the basic phonological elements are phonemes, human intercommunication is actualized in syllables.
The syllable as a unit is difficult to define, though native speakers of a language are usually able to state how many syllables there are in a particular word.
According to J. Kenyon the syllable is one or more speech sounds, forming a single uninterrupted unit of utterance, which may be a word, or a commonly recognized subdivision of a word.
The syllable can be a single word: chair /tfea/, a part of a word: English /'in-gliJV, a part of the grammatical form of a word: later /ilei-ta/.
The syllable can be analysed from the acoustic and auditory, ar-ticulatory and functional points of view. The syllable can be viewed in connection with its graphic representation.
Acoustically and auditorily the syllable is characterized by the force of utterance, or accent, pitch of the voice, sonority and length, that is by prosodic features.
Acoustic properties of syllables are studied with the help of intono-graph and spectrograph. Electroacoustic analysis made it possible to formulate some rules of syllable division (see below). Spectrograms of Russian syllabic structures show, that such syllables are characterized by some noise in the beginning of the vowel and by a vowel-like termination of the consonant: , it is of great importance for syllable division.
Auditorily the syllable is the smallest unit of perception: the listener identifies the whole of the syllable and only after that the sounds contained.
The articulatory energy which constitutes the syllable results from the combined action of the power, vibrator, resonator and ob-structor mechanisms.
Phonological! the syllable is regarded and defined in terms of its structural and functional properties.
Syllables in writing are called syllabographs and are closely connected with the morphemic structure of words.
A syllable can be formed by a vowel: (V) in English, () in Russian; by a vowel and a consonant: (VC) in English, () in Russian; by a consonant and a sonorant (CS).
, V types of syllable called uncovered open,
, VC types of syllable called uncovered closed,
, CVC types of syllable called covered closed,
, CV types of syllable called covered open.
G. P. Torsuyev suggests a differentiation of the following types of syllabic structures:
, V type: fully open,
, CVC type: fully closed,
, CV type: initially covered,
, VG type: finally covered.
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The structure of the English and Russian syllable is similar.
| English |
Russian
| V | err | |
| cvc | pit | crc |
| cvcc | fact | |
| cvccc | lapsed | |
| ccvc | plan | |
| cccvc | spleen | |
| CCVCG | twist | |
| ccvccc | stamps | |
| cccvcc | spleens | |
| cvcccc | texts | |
| cv | dew | |
| ccv | spy | ccr |
| cccv | straw | cccr |
| vc | eat | |
| vcc | act | |
| vccc | asks |
The peak or the crest of the syllable is formed by a vowel or a so-norant. The consonants which precede the peak and follow it are called slopes.
Vowels /, , , v, a,:, o:, ei, ai, , , oi/ constitute almost always the peaks of prominence, /, i, u, / occur, as a rule, in unaccented syllables.
The consonant /rj/ never begins, /w/ never terminates the syllable.
The sonorants /w, r, j/ function as consonants, because they occur only before vowels: SVC structural type, e.g. /wi5, rait, jes/.
The sonorants /1, m, n/ can form syllables in terminal position, when preceded by a consonant, e.g. /'pi:pl, iga:dn, , 'j 9
/
The structural patterns of syllables formed by sonorants with a preceding consonant in English are similar to V-f patterns: CS written /intn/.
According to G. P. Torsuyev's data the syllabic structure in the English language of the combination consonant (or consonants) +a sonorant is characterized by the following data:
CS type 40 combinations, CSC type 90 combinations, CSCC type 15 combinations, CCSCC type 1 combination.1
Syllable-forming sonorants in the combinations of the CS type are terminal /m, n, 1/. E. g.
earthen channel prism equal people garden often nation
1 . . . -1976.
■ .,
written eagle even decision taken fortune listen rhythm able angel season camel
The combinability of syllable forming sonorants is the [following: /1/ combines with all consonants except /6, 5/; /n/ combines with all consonants except /m, rj, n/; /m/ combines only with /6, 6, s, z, p/.
The distribution of consonants in the syllables of the CSC type is characterized by the following features: initial consonants may be represented by /p, b, t, d, k, g, f, v, 6, d, s, z, J1, 3, tf, cfc, m, r, w, n/; the medial sonorants may be represented by /n, m, 1/; final consonants are represented by /t, d, s, z, 6/. E.g.
opens vacant goggles ovens patient
marbles enables merchant arrivals] angels
patterns mortals urgent heathens equalled
coupled student softened rhythms motions]
peoples gardens servant decent whistles
officials leventh present persons
panelled
The distribution of consonants in the syllables of the C£CC type is characterized by the following features: the initial consonant may be represented by /p, d, t, tf, dg, f, v, s, z, J\ 5, r/. The peak of syllable is represented by the sonorants /n, 1/, they are immediately followed by /t, d, s/; final consonants are represented by /t, s, z/. E.g.
innocents agents patents tangents parents serpents students servants pheasants errands patients scaffolds licensed merchants heralds
The syllables of the CSVSCC type: entrants /lentrants/, emigrants ^emigrants/, minstrels /'minstrels/, hydrants /lhaidrents/ can5 be pronounced without (V)CSSCC type, e.g.
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emigrants /'emigrnts/ entrants /lentrnts/ minstrels /immstrlz/ hydrants /'haidrnts/
Russian terminal sonorants do not form syllables witlfconsonants, which precede them. However in some special cases: for stylistic purposes, or for the sake of rhythm, they may^become syllabic; e. g. -, -, -, -. Compare:
1. .
,
2. ,
,
In the second variant the Russian /p/ is made syllabic for rhythmical purposes.
There are different restrictions on the possible consonant clusters in English and in Russian.
Final clusters in English are much more complex than initial ones. They express different grammatical meanings: plurality, tense, number, e.g. texts, mixed, glimpsed.
The structure of the Russian syllable is characterized by more complex and numerous initial clusters, they represent grammatical prefixes, e.g. , , , .
Syllables of the initial CC type constitute more than 50 combinations in English (except affricates and double consonants). Syllables of the initial CC type in Russian constitute 236 combinations (affri--cates and double consonants including), e.g. speak, .
Syllables of the initial CCC type constitute H combinations in English and 97 in Russian, e.g. street, .
A number of combinations of the initial CCCC type constitute syllables only in Russian, there are no similar combinations in English, e.g. , , .
The clusters/mh, sr, sj, fs, hr, stl/ never occur initially in English, compare with the Russian: , , , , , .
The clusters /gr, str/ can occur only initially, /tn, dn, stl/ occur only finally, compare with the Russian: , . The cluster (th) does not occur in Russian finally or initially.
In Russian structural types of syllables are more common than type. syllabic types constitute more than half of all the structural types in Russian. together with types constitute 85%. In the Russian texts open syllables occur 3 times more often than closed ones. The most frequent pattern in English is CVC.
English VC, CVC structures are much more common than the Russian structural type. prevalence in the Russian syllabic structure results in the appearance of the vocalic element of /, / type inside or before the CC clusters.
They most commonly occur in /, / combinations, e.g. , .
Similar clusters in English are pronounced with the loss of plosion, e.g. good day, that cat.
