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GALVANIZING -




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7) CORROSION IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION

Corrosion is an important and costly problem in the petroleum industry, requiring special considerations in the design of production equipment. A large number of possibilities exist to reduce or to minimize the corrosion losses. Corrosion considerations and proper material selections should be an important part of all equipment design.

Deep hot gas and oil wells, deepwater offshore platforms, refinery equipment, arctic developments are excellent examples ofcases that have provided many material and corrosion problems and are expected to continue to do so. The forms of corrosion of most importance in oil and gas production are: 1) weight loss, 2) stress corrosion cracking, 3) corrosion fatigue and 4) galvanic corrosion. Methods that have been developed over the years for combating corrosion include inhibition, material selection, cathodic or anodic protection, coatings and control of the environment.

Weight-loss corrosion is the most common problem, the corrosion occuring as a result of electrochemical reactions between the metal and aggressive substances of the environment. In the case of steel in acidic environments, iron dissolves at the anode and hydrogen is formed at the cathode. Electric current flows through the electrolyte (water, for example). The presence of oxygen or free sulfur causes a significant increase in the rate of corrosion.

Stress corrosion cracking is caused by high concentrations of hydrogen sulphide (H2S). As a result, rapid equipment failures occur. Heat exchanger tubes, compression parts and valves are subjected to this type of corrosion. This process is accelerated at elevated temperatures.

Corrosion fatigue plays an important role in sucker-rod and drillpipe failures. Sucker-rods and drillpipes are subjected to Cyclic loads and such aggressive substances as salt water, oxygen and low hydrogen ion concentration (pH) cause corrosion fatigue. A solution to this problem is found through control of the environment by removing the oxygen, raising the pH, adding corrosion inhibitors or lowering loads.

Another problem of drillpipes corrosion is the presence of H2S and CO2 or low pH of the mud. It can be prevented by using scavengers or an oil-based mud. The scavengers are generally metallic materials, such as zinc and iron compounds. They reacting with the H2S. insoluble metallic sulphides are formed which do not cause stress corrosion cracking. Another possible application includes the use of corrosion-resistant alloys for drillpipes. Galvanic corrosion or dissimilar metal corrosion is a problem for flow head and fittings.

To prevent corrosion of tubes for pipelines which transport aggressive oil and gas plastic coatings or cathodic protection are used. Besides, inhibitors are added into the aggressive oil and gas to minimize internal pipeline corrosion.

Offshore structures corrode rapidly unless protected, paint systems have been developed over the years that are effective for the parts of the structure above the waterline. Cathodic protection is normally relied on as the main source of protection for offshore structures below the waterline.

The study of corrosion is a branch of science of great complexity. It includes the problems which can be solved by the joint efforts of chemists, metallurgists and engineers.

 





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