1.
-- , , .
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( 10-27 10-25 ). 쳿 (1 ... = 1, 66110-27 ). - 10-10 .
, , . ( 10-26 10-25 ), 10-15 10-14 , 105 .
.
() 1,67210-27 (1,00730 ...) , 1,60210-19 +1 .
(n)
1, 67410 -27 (1, 0087 ...).
() 9, 10910-31 ( 1836 - ). 1, 60210-19 . . (-1).
, .
- Z, ..뺺, .
Z N, , , :
= Z + N.
, , , , . : - , . , : 11, 21 D, 31 . .
, Z N, , (4018 Ar, 4019 , 4020 ).
. . 㳿 ( ), ( ).
- () (, , , ). , ' (m) (l):
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- ; v .
' . ' , , (.1).
Z
.1. ó.
, .
. : n, , ml, ms, .
n 1, 2, 3, 4 n, . , . :
n 1 2 3 4 5
K L M N Q
. 0 (n -1). = 0 ; = 1 ; = 2 .
г 㳿 , . :
0 1 2 3 4 5
s p d f g h
.2.
.2. 1s-,2- 3d-.
ml (- ) (+ ), 2 +1 . :
s- , = 0 m = 0;
p- , = 1 m = -1, 0, +1;
d- ', = 2 m = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2;
f- , = 3 m = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3.
n n2. , I n = 1, ( = 0, s-); II n = 2, ( = 0, s- = 1, -) ..
, - n, m, , .
ms . : + - .
㳿, . ' :
1) 㳿;
2) ;
3) .
㳿: 㳿.
: . , () (ms = ). .
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n n , 2 +1 , , 2(2 +1) . N 2n2.
: , . (, ) , , .
: (n + ) . (n + l) .
(n + ) n = 17 - , :
1s2s2p3s3p4s3d45s4d5p6s4f5d6p7s5f6d...
- - , - . , , ó 1 1s1, (6) 1s22s22p2, (19) 1s22s22p63s23p63d04s1, (22ҳ) 1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2.
, , s, p, d, f , .
. ( ), .
, :. г 㳿. :
2. . .뺺