, . , . () . , , . , , , : , 23 20 ( . . .)32. , , , - . , , , , 33. , , - , . , ?
, , , ( ) , X, Z - !, ( , ). , ,
32 . . ... . 146. 33 . . ... . 89.
- , , . , , , , .
, . , 34. , . 1960- . . , - , (). , 80% , , , ( )35. . , - , . 1980- . , ,
|
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34 , , . , , ( - ) . , 1987 ., . , , - , (Van der Heijden . G. et al. A model-based evaluation of the national immunization programme against rubella infection and congenital rubella syndrome in the Netherlands. Epidemiol. Infect. Dec 1998; 121:653-71).
35 Allan B. Rubella immunization. Aust. J. Med. Tech. 1973, 4:26-27.
10-20%36. , . , ( ) . , , , , , , 37. , 1:64 , . , , , , . . , , . , - 1:64 (
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36 ., , Crowder . et al. Rubella susceptibility in young women of rural east Texas:
1980 and 1985. Texas Medicine 1987; 83:43-47 Bart K. J. et al. Universal immunization to
interrupt rubella. Rev. Inf. Dis. 1985, 7 (suppl.l):177-184.
37 , ,
, : Ush-
ida M. et al. Congenital rubella syndrome due to infection after maternal antibody conversion
with vaccine (Jpn J. Infect. Dis. Apr 2003; 56(2):68-9), Condon R., Bower Congenital rubella
after previous maternal vaccination (Med. J. Aust. June 15, 1992; 156(12):882), Miron D., On A.
Congenital rubella syndrome after maternal immunization (Harefuah. Mar 1,1992; 122(5):291-
3), Das B. D. et al. Congenital rubella after previous maternal immunity {Arch. Dis. Child.
May 1990; 65(5):545-6), Saule H. et al. Congenital rubella infection after previous immunity
of the mother (Eur. J. Pediatr. Feb 1988; 147(2): 195-6), Forsgren M, Soren L. Subclinical ru-
bella reinfection in vaccinated women with rubella-specific IgM response during pregnancy and
transmission of virus to the fetus (Scand J. Infect. Dis. 1985; 17(4):337-41), Enders G. Rubella
embryopathy after previous maternal rubella vaccination (Infection Mar-Apr 1984; 12(2):96-8),
Bott L. M., Eizenberg D. H. Congenital rubella after successful vaccination (Med. J. Aust. June
12, 1982; l(12):514-5). -
. , 90%,
: ( )
( . . ... . 90).
, ), , , , , . , .
, , . 1962-1965 . , (1967 10, 1968 11, 1969 1438). , , . 1971 . 77, 1972 . 68. , , ( ), , . 32 60, , , ( 1991 ., 41 )39. . , , , , ( ), .
, , . , , 40.
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, : ... , : -
38 MMWR 1995,43; (53) 73-80. . : Diodati . J. M. Immunization: history, ethics, law and
health. Quebec, 1999, p. 28.
39 Ibid., p. 18.
40 Chen F. P., Chu K. K. Subclinical rubella reinfection in pregnancy: report of a case. J. Formos.
Med. Assoc. Mar 1993; 92(3):294-5.
, ; , , ; , ; , 41.
, .
, . , , , , . , ( , , - ), , . , . , , , . , , .
, . , , .
, . , , .
, , , , . , , , . .
, , . , MMR, .
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41 . . ... . 91.
, , , . , - , , ( 1998 ., 2002 . ). , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , .
-, 1. -- , - - . .
1 1909 . (18681943), , - . 8- , , , , . . (Landsteiner ., Popper E. Ubertragung der poliomyelitis acuta auf Affen. Z. Immunitatsforsch. 1909; 2:377).
, , , , , . , , . , , : ... 100, 1000 , , 2. ( ) ( , ); 2-3% 3. , , 0,1-1% , 2 . .
, . .
, , : ... . , , 4. - , , . . 4- 5. , , -
2 . . . XX ., 2003,
. 76. (1 100-1000) Poliomyelitis prevention in the United
States: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
(ACIP). MMWR May 19, 2000.
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3 . ., . . . 2- ., ., ., 2000,
. 169.
4 .
5 , . 172.
, , . , , , . .
, ( ) - , (, , ).
2 21 , 7-14 ; - 2 5 , , 6. ( ) ( ) . XX . , , .
, , XIX . . , , , , . , , , 7. , , - . ,
6 , . 168-69. : , , , , - , . , , 30% .
7 . . ... . 63.
1830- .; . (1784-1841), 1905 .8 XIX .9 . , . , . XX . () , , (, , , )10. , , , , 11. XIX . , , , , , . , , 12. , DPT () 13. , ,
8 , . 64.
9 Scheibner V. Vaccination. 100 years of Orthodox Research Shows that Vaccines Represent
a Medical Assault on the Immune System. Australia, 1993, p. 150. ,
1886 . .
10 Wyatt H. V. Provocation poliomyelitis: neglected clinical observation from 1914 to 1950. Bull.
Hist. Med. 1981; 55:543-557.
1111 Scheibner V. Vaccination... p. 145.
12 Gromeier M., Wimmer E. Mechanism of injury-provoked poliomyelitis. J. Virol. June 1998;
72(6):5056-60.
13 Mudur G. Flawed Immunization Polices in India Led to Polio Paralysis. BMJ April 25, 1998;
316:1261. 1949 .
, ,
. -
, ,
60-70% , . , 14. , , 15. 42,9% 30 DPT (), 28,3%16. , , (), . ( ) ; , 17. , , . , , . . 18 19 , , 1940 ., . ,
- . . (1902-1988), , , (Bhatia V. R. Poliomyelitis. Infantile paralysis with homeopathic treatment. Reprinted edition. New Delhi, 2001, pp. 5-6).
14 Varghese M. Paralytic poliomyelitis in a rural area of north India. Nat. Med. J. India Jan-Feb
1997; 10(l):8-10 Wyatt H. V. et al. Unnecessary injections and paralytic poliomyelitis in India.
Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. Sept-Oct 1992; 86(5):546-9.
115 Lambert S. M. A yaws campaign and an epidemic of poliomyelitis in Western Samoa. J. Trop.
Med. Hyg. 1936; 389:41-46.
( ), ,
, , ... .
16 Sutler R. W. et al. Attributable risk of DTP (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vac
cine) injection in provoking paralytic poliomyelitis during a large outbreak in Oman. J. Infect.
Dis. Mar 1992; 165(3):444-9.
17 Strebel P. M. et al. Intramuscular injections within 30 days of immunization with oral polio-
virus vaccine a risk factor for vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. N. Engl. J. Med.
Feb 23, 1995; 332(8):500-6.
18 . . ... . 70.
19 . ., . . . . ., 2001,
. 101.
, 1945-1946 . , 1947 ., 20. , , , , , . . 4-5 , 1939 . 21, , . 1947 . 22. 1958 ., (22 054 23), 5 24. , 1953 . ( 1961-1962 .). , 1954-1956 . 25. , , , .