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29 , , , : 30 1880 . 50% ! (Hardy A. The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine, 1856-1900. Oxford, 1993, pp. 110-151), , - XIX . , .

30, 1869 . . 1871-1872 ., , 358 ( ), , , ( , , ). , . 1785 ., 11 100 , , (1740-1827) : 1. , , ... 2. , , . . 3. . , , , , , , , ...31. ,

30 1889 ., (. ), 6 . , 3 . , 34 .

31 - , 1793 . (, , ) . , , , , , , . 1799 . - , (Fenner F. Smallpox... p. 256). , 1794 . , . , , : , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , (Creighton . History... v. 2, p. 559).


, . (1811-1870), . , (1868 .), , . 32. , 23 1885 ., 80 100 . , . , ( 1885 . 3 . !). 33. 135 , 1876 . 58 34.

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5 .

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- ,
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. 358 , 21
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, 60 , 1873 1933 ., ...
50 (Fraser S. M. F. Leicester and Smallpox: The Leicester Method. Medical History
1980; 24:315-332).
, (Swales J. D. The
Leicester anti-vaccination movement. Lancet Oct. 24, 1992; 340:1019-1021), -
, 40 -
(small irrational group of fanatics).

34 . . , 1884, . 6.

1870- ( 1805 .). , - XIX . 1870- 1880- , XX . , , . , , , , , . , , . , , 1873 . (1838-1904), -, . - , , , - , , 35. -

35 , : - - . , , , , , . , , , , , . , , ... , , , , - . 1863 ... : ( . ... . 7-8).


- (1840-1908), . . , - . (1830-?) 1875 . , . , , , 36. , , - , , , . : , . , , , , , , , ; , , , : , , : , , , , ... , : ,

36 - . : - ... , , . : (, 5.02.1883, . 23).

, -, ...37.

. (1837-1878), : , : 1) ; 2) ... , , 38. 1884 . - (1823-1910) - (1854-1927), . . , 1901 . , . , 1917 . , , , , , 1917 . , , , 39, .

37 , -

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29.11.1875, 267.

38 . .
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1875, -,
. 573-580.

39 ,
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1869 .,
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. , 1884, . 2.


XIX - XX . , 1905 . 11 , 40. , , , , , , . , , , 41. -

40 () . Johnston R. D. The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon. Princeton University Press, 2003. , : XIX . , , . - . . , 2001 .

41 , , -. (1907): , , , . , . -, , , . , . , - , , . , : !. , . , : , . ! ... ( . . ., 1961, . 5, . 439). . Albert M. The Last Smallpox Epidemic in Boston and the Vaccination Controversy, 1901-1903. N. Engl. J. Med. February 1, 2001; 344:375-379. . (1870) : , , . , , , . : , , . , , , , ,

, , , XIX . ( , - , ) , , . , - , 42.

, . -- 1904 . , 43.

. 1880- . ( ) (18471927)44

. , . , , , , , , , - . , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , ( . . ., 1949, . 1, . 280).

42
: ? (Mandatory Vaccinations: How Did It Happen?)
, , (Coul
ter . L., Fisher . L.
A Shot in the Dark. NY, 1991, pp. 197-198).

43 . Meade . Civilizing Rio de Janeiro: the public health campaign and the riot of 1904.
J. Soc. Hist. 1986; (20)2:301-22.

44 , -
(1891-94), , ,
XIX XX .


(1858-1928). 45 (1888)46 . - , , , , . (1889), , , , - , . . , , , . , , . - (1823-1913), 47, - Cook G. . Charles Creighton (1847-1927): eminent medical historian but vehement anti-Jennerian. Journal of Medical Biography 2000; 8:83-88, . Charles Creighton, the man and his work, The History of Epidemics in Britain (1965), vol. 1, pp. 43-135. - . (Welcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London), .

45 (1887)
: (1889).

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(1898) ,
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, . .
Scarpelli G. Nothing in nature that is not useful. The anti-vaccination crusade and the idea of
'harmonia naturae' in Alfred Russel Wallace. Nuncius 1992; (7)1:109-30.

(1856-1950)48 (1820-1903).

1882 . . (1810-1892), , , 1867 . , . 1883 . . , : , 49. 1885 . . 1888 . , , 1867 . .





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