1. The error of table quantity is defined as
, (2.10)
where, α is probability; v is half price of category from last significance figure in table quantity. For example: quantity p may be 3.14. In this case v = 0.005 and
.
If quantity p is 3.141 and v = 0.0005 then
and so on.
2. Error of count may occur when we measure quantity by an instrument. Typically, the error of count is half price of minimum value of instruments scale. For example a ruler has error of count vl=0.5 mm.
3. Rules of approximation: quantity x may be approximated only to two significant figures, if the first significant figure is 1 or 2. In other cases, the quantity is approximated only to one significant figure. For example: x = 0.01865, approximated quantity is 0.019; x = 0.896, approximated quantity is 0.9 and so on.
Errors of direct measurement
Errors of direct measurements are defined as
, (2.11)
if there is one measurement (n = 1). And
, (2.12)
if there are several measurements (n > 1).
In these equations t¥ is Student's constant, it may be defined from the table on the crossing of line with n and column with a; d is error of an instrument; v is error of count, v =d/2.
For example: the length of a body was measured three times:
| xi, mm | Dxi, mm | (Dxi)2, mm2 |
| 12.8 | -0.466 | 0.217 |
| 13.6 | 0.334 | 0.111 |
| 13.4 | 0.134 | 0.018 |
 =13.266, n=3, t=1.4, t¥=1, d=1 mm.
|
The error of this measurement will be:
The relative error is
.
The final result is
x = (13.3 + 0.5) mm, a= 0.7, E = 3.6 %.
Errors of indirect measurements
Let y be indirectly measured quantity, it is defined as y = f(x1,x2,..., xn). x1,x2,..., xn is defined as the direct measurements.
1. Errors of indirect measurements are defined as
(2.13)
if the functional dependence of investigated quantity is a polynomial.
2. Errors of indirect measurements are defined as
(2.14)
if the functional dependence of investigated quantity, is a monomial
and we can define Dy as: 
. For example:
1. If the functional dependence is 
then
Then
2. If functional dependence is 
,
Then
and
The final result: 
.
Graph presentation of the experimental results
Graph is built on the millimeter paper. In fig.2.2 you can see an example of graph.
Figure 2.2
The experimental curve is drawn through the experimental points. This curve describes the experimental data.
Control questions
1. Definition of direct and indirect measurements. Examples.
2. Definition of the most probable value of the measured quantity x.
3. What is called a relative error?
4. What is called an accidental deviation?
5. What is the equation of square mean of errors?
6. How do we define errors of instruments?
7. How do we define errors of table quantities and count errors?
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8. Rules of approximation.
9. What is the equation of errors of direct measurements?
10. What is the equation of errors of indirect measurements?
Authors: S.P. Lushchin, the reader, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences.
Reviewer: S.V. Loskutov, professor, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences.
Approved by the chair of physics. Protocol 3 from 01.12.2008.
3. 1. Ҳ
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3 01.12.2008 .
