1) ( . . );
2) ;
3) 6 to ( ought to; to be to; to have to);
4) ( to have to).
: Can he speak French? May I take the book?
not, : 1 can not (can't) come to you next Sunday.
Can, could and be able to
can : can could [kud]. cannot cant [ka:nt].
can :
1) : Can you lift this box? - ? Ann can swim well. - . Im afraid I cant translate this text. - , .
could: When he was young he could dance well. , () . I could already read at the age of 4. 4 .
, ( ) - , was/were able to ( could): We were able to finish our work by noon. The fire spread quickly but everyone was able to escape.
2) could , -: What shall we do this evening? We could go to the cinema. ( .)
Can , , could.
3) can, could . can : Jill, can you give me a lift, please? , ? Excuse me. Could you show me the way to the bus station? , , ?
4) can, could : How can you be so stupid! - ! How could he have told you such lies? - !
5) Could , -, :
- Did you go to the cinema? ?
- No, we could have gone to the cinema, we decided not to. , ( ), .
6) can will be able to (inf.): Now I cant speak English well but in a year of practising I ll be able to do it better. - -, .
Note: ( ): You cant cross the street here. - .
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. 1. can. :
1. I cant understand what youre talking about. 2. Timothy cant be so unfair. 3. Jack couldnt see her face, she was sitting with her back to him. 4. James was an excellent tennis player. He could beat anybody. But once he had a difficult game against Ken. Ken played very well but in the end James was able to beat him. 5. Can I give you a lift home? 6. Do you think I could borrow your bicycle? Yes, please. 7. Do you buy a new car? No, we could have bought it, but we decided not to. 8. What shall I give Mary for her birthday? You could give her a book. 9. Could I borrow your camera? 10. A hundred years ago I could have ridden a horse, but I couldnt have flown in an aeroplane. 11. Kate cant play the piano, but in a year she will be able to play well. 12. We were able to run very fast when I was a boy.
May, Might and Be Allowed (Permitted) to
may : may , might [mait] .
may :
1) : May I use your phone? May I take (borrow) your car?
* may to be allowed (permitted) to - : Are we allowed to use a dictionary?
, , :
| 1) No, dont, please. (, ) | Dont , may not. . |
| 2) No, you may not. (, = ) | -. |
| 3) No, you must not. (, ) | , , , . |
| 4) No, you cant. () | - - , , . |
may will be allowed to (permitted) to: They wont be allowed to leave the lecture.
2) .
, : I may go to Spain (=perhaps I will go). It might rain this evening (=perhaps it will rain).
may/might.
3) , .
may (might) Indefinite Infinitive, Continuous Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive Perfect Continuous Infinitive.
, .
Might : He may (might) be here. , . He may (might) be sleeping. , (). He may (might) have translated the article. , , . He may (might) have been sleeping , .
4) Might . : You might be more attentive. Why arent you following me? - . ? He might have helped you! The bas was so heavy. - . !
5) Might may : May I see you off? He asked if he might see me off.
. 2. may. :
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1. You are not permitted to shout here. 2. Mary will be allowed to drive a car soon. 3. He said I might go. 4. May I smoke here? - No, you may not. 5. She may like pop music. 6. He might come later. 7. You might do it better. 8. He said I might come any day I like. 9. It was some special occasion. I dont remember what. It may have been my birthday. 10. He may not have learned the news, thats why he looks as if nothing had happened. 11. Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today. 12. Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse.
Must
must :
1) , : You must respect your parents. - .
must must not (mustnt) : May I do it? ? No, you mustnt. , .
, neednt , : You neednt go there now. - .
Must I do it? ? : Yes, you must. , . No, you neednt. , .
2) , : You must leave the room at once! !
3) , . must , , , : Peter must be at home. , , . He must be working at the library. , , . He must have been working hard lately. , , . She must have mentioned it. , , .
must to have to: I had to post the letter. . I shall have to do it. . Did you have to post it yesterday? ? I didnt have to do it yesterday. .
. 3. must . :
1. You must do it. 2. You mustnt go there. 3. It must be very difficult. 4. He must have repaired his car. 5. I must write to Ann. I havent written to her for ages. 6. He must be laughing at us now. 7. It must have been a plane. 8. Mary must be crazy if she wants to marry that man. 9. You mustnt steal other peoples things. 10. They must have been taking their exam. 11. Im doing the work you had to do last week.
Should
should . . . :
1) , ( Indefinite Infinitive) , : You should be more careful. .
2) , , , , ( Perfect Infinitive): You should have helped them. . Why didnt you do it? ? You shouldnt have told her about it. She got upset. . ( .) .
3) , , ( , why): Why should I wait for him? ? Why should I have said it? ?
Ought (to)
ought (to) should. ught to.
:
1) , , ( Indefinite Infinitive): You ought to visit your aunt. . He oughtnt to behave like that. .
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2) , , ( Perfect Infinitive): You ought to have warned them. . ( ). He oughtnt to have interfered. . ( ).
. 4. should ought to. :
1. You ought to eat less. 2. You should be more careful. 3. He shouldnt have given so much money to children. 4. You oughtnt to have given a child company sweets. 5. Liars should have good memories. 6. Blind men should judge no colours. 7. These people who live in glass houses shouldnt throw stones. 8. it was his birthday yesterday. I should have sent him a birthday postcard. 9. You should have listened more carefully.
Modal Verbs
| Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite | - | - () | ||
| can | could | cannot cant could not | , , | 1) , ; 2) | to be able (to) |
| may | might | may not might not | , , , | 1) ; 2) -, | to be allowed (to) |
| must | had to | must not mustnt need not neednt | , | 1) -; 2) , | to have (to) |
| to have (to) has (to) | had (to) | dont have (to), doesnt have (to), didnt have (to) | , , () | , ; | - |
 to be (to)
am
is (to)
are
| was (to) were (to) | is not (to) was not (to) | , | () ; | - |
| should | - | should not shouldnt | , | , ( ); | ought (to) |
| ought (to) | - | ought not oughtnt | , | , , ; | - |
. 5. , . :
1. He couldnt do this work. 2. We will be able to finish this work in time. 3. Will you be allowed to take this magazine? 4. You ought to help your sister in English. 5. Students have to pass exams twice a year. 6. Our sportsmen can win gold medals at the competition. 7. You may ring me up. 8. She can enter the University. 9. That Sunday I might get up later. 10. They must wait for us. 11. You should be more tactful. 12. You ought to visit your parents. 13. I am to come at 5. 14. Im typing the letter you had to type in the morning.
. 6. , must:
| They must not go there. . , . . | They neednt go there. . , . . |
1. You mustnt do it. 2. Peter must not come here today. 3. Peter neednt come here today. 4. We must not stay here long. 5. Children must not smoke. 6. You neednt do this translation. 7. You neednt call the doctor. 8. You mustnt take this medicine.
. 7. to , :
I can see; he ought know; he will be able change; he was allowed translate; I may arrive; he could go; I must do; he has ask; they are read; they have translate; he should help; we had build; they may build; they were allowed.. answer; he will be able make; he has arrive; she must change; you will be able translate; they should tell; they ought tell the truth.
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. 8. :
1. You can lift this box. 2. I could translate this text then. 3. I may smoke at the performance. 4. You must leave the room at once. 5. You should take an aspirin. 6. We will have to change our style of living. 7. We are to hand in our projects on Monday. 8. Ann can dance well. 9. They could do it themselves. 10. Alice can give you her book.
. 9. :
1. The students have to work hard. 2. I can go shopping with you. 3. We may borrow books from the library. 4. They are to read all texts from this book. 5. We must help him. 6. You may ask any questions you like. 7. She can act on the stage well. 8. We must discuss this problem in detail. 9. She has to take part in the conference. 10. He may come in. 11. You must pay your taxes. 12. I can run very fast. 13. They are to answer these questions. 14. They have to get up early.
. 10. , :
1. The talker (can, must) remember that conversation (must, should) serve a purpose (). 2. We often (may, have to) use encyclopedias where we (must, can) find information that we need at the moment. 3. Writers do not always express things directly so that you (have to, may) think carefully to see what they mean. 4. Reading a book (may, should) be a conversation between you and the author. 5. To achieve ( ) progress in any subject we (may, must) discuss things. 6. You (cant, shouldnt) worry. 7. When we are introduced to new people we (may, should) try to appear friendly ( ). 8. You (must, can) be there on time. 9. I (may, have to) get up early. 10. The lecturer (may, must) remember the names of his students.
. 11. , to be to have:
| To have to to be to |
| To have to + inf To be to + inf , |
| I have to go there I had to go there Ill have to go there I am to go there I was to go there () |
1. We are to meet Jane at the station. 2. Helen is to go to the country. 3. Ann has to cook dinner as her mother is away. 4. They had to wait long as she didnt return in time. 5. The Dean isnt in the Deans office. You will have to come here again. 6. What time were they to come here yesterday? 7. My sister is to arrive on Sunday. 8. We are to take four exams in winter. 9. The train goes out at 5 a.m., so we shall have to get up early. 10. The meeting is to take place after classes.
. 12. to be. :
1. The lecture to begin at eight. 2. She to come and help. 3. You to learn all the new words. 4. The planters to gather their cotton at once. 5. I to leave tomorrow. 6. The youngest children to play on the beach. 7. We to wait for them at the door. 8. He to meet her at the station yesterday. 9. They to stay at that hotel yesterday. 10. They to start on Monday.
. 13. to have. :
1. She to send a telegram because it was too late to send a letter. 2. I to finish some work at the phonetics laboratory. 3. The child has stomach trouble ( ) and to take castor oil. 4. If I dont ring up before six oclock, then you to go to the concert hall alone. 5. He to wear glasses as my eyesight () is very weak. 6. You to do it alone. Without anybodys help. 7. They to translate this article. 8. Its raining. You to put on your rain-coat. 9. I didnt feel well yesterday but I to go to the University because I was to take an exam. 10. The text is rather difficult thats why you to look the new words up in the dictionary.
. 14. . :
: You must do it. It must be done.
. .
You can do it. It can be done.
. .
1. You must do three of these exercises tomorrow. 2. You can find the book you need in any library. 3. We must send these letters at once. 4. You must take the box to the station. 5. You can cross the river on a raft. 6. The workers can finish the building of the house very soon. 7. You must return the books the day after tomorrow. 8. I can easily forgive this mistake. 9. You can find such berries everywhere. 10. You must do this work very carefully.
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. 15. , , one . - :
One can see
One must know
One neednt hurry
One must not be late
1. One must know at least one foreign language. 2. If one wants to study, one can always find time for it. 3. One can easily do it. 4. One must work hard at a foreign language if one wants to master it. 5. One mustnt be late for classes. 6. What can one see out of the window of your classroom? 7. One may take magazines from the library. 8. One neednt use a dictionary if the text is clear. 9. One must know a lot of words to read books on the speciality.
:
1. , . , - ?
2. , , ?
3. , ?
4. , (These children are not looked after)?
5. to answer - .
6. can, may, must?
7. can, may must .
8. can, may must .
9. to be, to have?
10. to?
III :
.
