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Degrees of Comparison

 

the positive degree the comparative degree the superlative degree
- er, ow, y, e. young heavy hot simple younger heavier hotter simpler the youngest the heaviest the hottest the simplest
difficult more }difficult less the most }difficult the least
good bad many, much little better worse more less the best the worst the most the least
, far farther further the farthest the furthest
old older ( ) elder ( . .) the oldest the eldest
near nearer the nearest * : next ( ); ( )
late later latter ( ) the latest ( . ) ** : last ( ); ( )

 

 

 

As as He is as cheerful as his brother.
Not so as This table is not so small as that one.
The + . the + .   the warmer, the better + . , + . , The warmer the weather, the better I feel. ( , )
Much }+ .. far     much cheaper     far more serious   ()     Lets go by car. Its much cheaper. Her illness was far more serious than we at first thought.
a bit }+ .. a little a little warmer     () Its a little warmer today than it was yesterday.

 

. 1. :

Big bigger biggest, busy busier busiest, brave braver bravest, dirty dirtier dirtiest, hot hotter hottest, early earlier earliest, nice nicer nicest, simple simpler simplest, easy easier easiest, sad sadder saddest.

 

. 2. :

Old, young, large, wide, difficult, good, hot, bad, much, easy, early, well, many, big, interesting, dangerous, far, late.

 

. 3. , , :

1. I want a (small) room. This one is too large. 2. Give me a (short) piece of string. This one is too long. 3. Ann is two years (old) than Kate. 4. The game becomes (interesting). 5. Which of the three girls has the (good) dress? 6. Kate is much (beautiful) than her sister. 7. Australia is the (large) island in the world. 8. The first is still (important) question than the second. 9. This is the (weak) point of his report. 10. I am tall, but there is a (tall) girl in our class. 11. My tea is too strong, can you make it (weak)? 12. The new bed is (comfortable) than the old one. 13. Mike is the (brave) of all the soldiers. 14. The flag flies at the top of the (high) mast. 15. The lake is much (clear) than the river. 16. This is the (dark) room in the house. 17. Where is (near) bus stop? 18. Where does your (old) brother live? 19. We heard (late) news over the radio. 20. Your paper is (bad) than mine. 21. Whose translation is (good)? 22. She lives in (far) part of the city. 23. She will get (thin) when she gets (old).

 

. 4. :

1. The longer (is) the night, the shorter (is) the day. 2. The more we read, the more we know. 3. He can speak German twice as fast. 4. Your room is three times as large as mine. 5. We shall drive at a speed as great as 90 km per hour. 6. New streets are usually not so (as) narrow as old streets. 7. She does not know Moscow so (as) well as we do. 8. This boy is as tall as my brother. 9. The earlier you get up, the more you will do.

 

. 5. a) :

A LETTER

Deat Jane!

I am very happy in my new job and my new town. In fact Im much happier than I was before. I like my new job very much. Its much better than my old one. My boss is more polite than my old boss. My office is larger than the previous one. My co-workers are more friendly than the ones I worked with before. My hours are shorter than the hours at m y old job. And my salary is higher than my previous salary. I also like my new town. In general its much cleaner, the buildings are nicer, and the weather is warmer and the people are more hospitable. You should visit here. I think youll like it a lot. Please write soon.

Yours sincerely, Lucy.

b) :

1. What does Lucy think of her new job? 2. Does she like her new boss? Why? 3. What does she think about her new co-workers? 4. What else does she like about her new job? 5. What is her impression of her new town?

 

C) .

 

 

LESSON 2

Perfect Tenses

 

: to have + Participle II
  Present Past Future
. . e. I have written You have written He She has written It   We have written You have written They have written I had written You had written He She had written It   We had written You had written They had written I shall have written You will have written He She will have written It   We shall have written You will have written They will have written
. . . Have I written? Have you written? he Has she written? it   Have we written? Have you written? Have they written? Had I written? Had you written? he Had she written? it   Had we written? Had you written? Had they written?   Shall I have written? Will you have written? he Will she have written? it   Shall we have written? Will you have written? Will they have written?
. . . . I have not written You have not written He She has not written It   We have not written You have not written They have not written I had not written You had not written He She had not written It   We had not written You had not written They had not written I shall not have written You will not have written He She will not have written It   We shall not have written You will not have written They will not have written

 

. 1. , :

Present Perfect already (), just ( ), never (), ever (-), since ( , ), yet (), lately ( ), recently (), - today, this month, this week, this year ;

Past Perfect by that time yesterday, by 3 oclock, before he came;

Future by that time tomorrow, by 4 oclock, before she comes

 

The Present Perfect Tense

: The Present Perfect Tense to have II :

I have found a new fob He has lost his key.

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:

1) The Present Perfect ns , ( ) . , . , , : Have you read Hamlet? No, I havent read any of Shakespeares plays. ? - , .

2) The Present Perfect Tense , , , : today , this week , this winter , this year : Ron hasnt studied very much this term. . Has Ann had a holiday this year? ?

3) The Present Perfect Tense , , : Pete has eaten at that restaurant many times. . I have been to that theatre 5 or 6 times. .

4) , , , Continuous. Present Perfect , , . , :

) since ( since 5 oclock - , since that time - );

) for (for 10 min - 10 , for a long time - , , for years - , for ages - .): I have known him for 20 years.

 

The Present Perfect Tense :

a) just already ever - never ) yet ; lately (, ) recently (, ) of late ,

() , , , () . Already , . Yet , :

Have you translated the article already? ( ) ?

Has it stopped raining yet? ?

I havent told them about the accident yet. .

Have you ever eaten caviar? - ?

He has never driven a car before. .

. 2. . :

1. We have made a mistake. 2. The lesson has begun. 3. I have read todays newspapers. 4. We have seen some boys. 5. Ann has been to London. 6. She has put on a new dress. 7. She has bought a new watch. 8. They have seen a lot of things. 9. The bus has stopped. 10. We have studied this problem since 1990.

 

. 3. Present Perfect, , :

Model: Why isnt Igor doing his translation? He has already done it.

1. Why isnt Ann cooking dinner? 2. Why arent the boys learning the song? 3. Why arent you helping us? 4. Why isnt he watching the film? 5. Why arent they learning the verbs? 6. Why arent you reading up for your exams? 7. Why isnt he answering this question? 8. Why arent they typing the papers?

 

. 4. :

Past Simple Present Perfect
I finished my work two hours ago. I have already finished my work.
2 . ( 2 ). . ( ).
He was in Europe last year (three years ago, in 1989, in 1992, when I was ten years old. ( ). I have been to Europe many times (several times, a couple of times, once). ( , ).

. 5. , Present Perfect Past Simple:

1. Has he come yet? When did he come? 2. Have you been to any museum lately? Yes, I have. I was in the Art Museum some days ago. 3. I have never been to Moscow, but my brother was there last year. 4. I have seen the new film. I saw it last week. 5. He began to read the book two weeks ago, but he hasnt finished it yet. 6. When did you finish school? 7. Were you in England last year? No, I have never been to England. 8. Where were you born? 9. Your hair looks nice. Have you had a haircut? Yes, I had my haircut yesterday. 10. Where is Tom? He has gone out. He left his flat ten minutes ago. 11. Do you want to go to the cinema with us tonight? No, thanks. We have seen the new film. We saw it on Wednesday. 12. Have you ever eaten at the student canteen? Yes, I have. I have eaten there many times. I ate breakfast there an hour ago.

 

. 6. , Present Perfect Past Indefinite:

1. We (to travel) around Europe last year. 2. My father knows so much because he (to travel) a lot. 3. I (to see) Pete today. 4. She (to see) this film last Sunday. 5. Alex (to meet) his friend two hours ago. 6. I just (to meet) our teacher. 7. The children already (to decide) what to do with the books. 8. Yesterday they (to decide) to help their grandmother. 9. Helen speaks French so well because she (to live) in France. 10. She (to live) there last year. 11. The rain (to stop) and the sun is shining in the sky again. 12. The rain (to stop) half an hour ago. 13. Mary (to buy) a new hat. 14. I (to buy) a pair of gloves yesterday. 15. The wind (to blow) off the mans hat, and he cannot catch it. 16. The weather (to change), and we can go for a walk. 17. The wind (to change) in the morning.

 

The Past Perfect Tense

 
 
II had +

 


: I had done = Id done

I had not done = I hadnt done

Past Perfect , . :

) by: by six oclock , by that time , by the end of the week ..: We had translated the article by five oclock. . By the end of the year he had learnt to speak English. -.

) , Past Indefinite: We had just reached the station when it began to rain. , . He suddenly realized that he had left his umbrella in the bus. , .

Past Perfect , : after , before : After she had finished her housework she turned on the television. , . I had finished my work before I returned home. , .

. 7. Past Perfect. :

1. She had written the report by six oclock. 2. By what time had the meeting been over? 3. I had not finished my work by Monday. 4. When we entered the hall, the performance had already begun. 5. As soon as I saw him I understood that something had happened. 6. I bought a new dictionary because I had lost my old one. 7. I told my friends a new joke which I had heard recently. 8. When I came out into the street I saw that the rain had stopped. 9. On my way home I met a friend of mine whom I had not seen for many years. 10. I didnt recognize him because so many years had passed since we met last.

 

. 8. , , , . Past Perfect:

Model: - Why didnt you watch that film on TV yesterday? (see)

- Because I had seen it before.

1. Why didnt you see Ann when you came to Minsk? (leave) 2. Why didnt you tell him my address? (forget) 3. What did Tom hear about Kates exmaination? (pass) 4. Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday? (spend all the money) 5. Why couldnt you get into your flat at once? (lose the key) 6. What did you learn about Bob? (marry) 7. What did he learn about Helen from the letter he received? (be ill for a month).

 

The Future Perfect Tense

 
 
shall have + V3 will

 


Future Perfect , . , , :

1) by (by 5 o'clock, by Monday, by the end of the month .): 1 shall have translated the text by the end of the week. - .

2) , Present Indefinite, : I shall have translated the text w hen you return. - , .

Future Perfect . Future Perfect Present Perfect Present Indefinite: I shall go to the country after I have passed my exams. - , . We shan't be able to start at 7 unless it stops raining. - 7 , .

 

. 9. . Perfect. . :

1.

- Ill have written my composition by 6 oclock.

- Oh, I shant even have begun mine by then. But Ill have begun it as soon as supper is over.

- I hope you will.

2.

- Kitty, I want you to go to the bakers before 6 oclock. I have this ironing to do but I shall have finished it in half an hour and I need a loaf of bread for supper.

- Can I go after 6 oclock, Mum? I am watching an interesting film and it wont have finished by 6 oclock.

- Im sorry, but the bakers shop will have closed by the time the film finishes.

- All right, Mum. Ill go now.

- I hope you will. We shall have had supper and you will have cleared the table by half past seven, then you can watch another film before your bed-time. Will it have finished by 9 oclock?

- Oh, yes, it will have finished by half past eight.

 

. 10. , :

Model: The concert (finish) by 10 oclock. The concert will have finished by 10 oclock.

1. We hope you (learn) all this by tomorrow. 2. I (finish) everything by the time you get back. 3. you (write) all your letters by 5 oclock? 4. By next Tuesday you (stay) with us for 5 weeks. 5. He (write) his report by Monday. 6. They (arrive) at the theatre by the end of the journey. 7. When we reach that village we (do) half of the journey. 8. They (go) for a walk by the time I have finished the job. 9. You (have) a good rest by the end of the week.

 

LESSON 3

 

The Passive Voice

Indefinite Tenses

2- : () (). - , , , .. .

() ().

- , , , . . , .

 

. 1. :

1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. 2 . 7. 2 . 8. . 9. 5 . 10. .

 

: .. to be (Present: am, is, are; Past: was, were; Future: will be) (V -ed/3)

 

to be + V -ed/3  

 





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