,
261
^
. , , , : , ( , ). , , . , - ( ) , . ( ).
, , , , . , , . (Cornell 1987, . 289). , , , , , : , .
, , , , , , , , . ,
262
. , , , , : -, , , (hetero-eye-colorederoticism), (homo-eye-colored eroticism) (bi-eye-colored eroticism) 70.
|
|
, , , , . , . , .
- 1960- 1970- , , , , , .
-, , , , , , , . , , , , , .
-, , , , , - , - ,
263
, . -- . , , , - . - . , , , - .
, , , , . , , , , ; - , , . , , , , ; , .
|
|
, , , . , : , , , , -
264
. : , .
, : , , . , . , , ( ) ; .
, . -, . , , . , , , .
, , , , . , , , , , .. , . ,
265
- ; , .
, , . , , , , . : , , . , , , , .
|
|
, , , , -, . , . , . , , . , , (
266
, ).
, , , . ( - ?), , .
, , . - , ; - , ; , , - . , . , , , . , .
2
1 Bleier (1988a), Haraway (1989), Hardling (1986,1987), Hardling, O'Barr (1987), Keller (1985), Longino (1987, 1990), Shiebinger (1978, 1989). Bernstein (1976), Feyerabend (1976), Fiske, Shweder (1986), Kuhn (1962), Polanyi (1967), Rorty (1979) Toulmin (1972,1982).
|
|
2 , , (Ernst Mayr) , , ... - (1982, . 47). .: Growth of Biological Thought (1982) , , , , ( , , ) ( ).
3 XIX XX Kamin (1974) Gould (1981).
4 , , , , . . , 1830 , (. : Fredrickson 1971, . 73), (Fredrickson 1971, . 77). (Types of Mankind)(\%5^)\ , . , , ( ), , , , (. : Frederickson 1971, . 7778). .: Fitzhugh (1854/1965), Frederickson (1971) Jordan (1968).
268
5 .: Haller (1963) Kevles (1985). , , .: Grant (1922) Stoddard (1920).
6 , , Sayers (1982). .: Bannister (1979), Gould (1980), Hofstadter (1959), Hubbard (1979), Jordanova (1980, 1989), Merchant (1980), Newman (1985), C.E. Rosenberg (1976), Russett (1989), Shields (1975a, 1982), Smith-Rosenberg, Rosenberg (1973).
7 -, , Bleier (1984), Fausto-Sterling (1985), Flax (1987), Gould (1981), Haraway (1981), Levins, Lewontin (1985), Lewontin (1977), Quadagno (1979), Sahlins (1976), Sayers (1982). .: Caplan (1978).
8 Seiwert (1988). .: Adkins-Regan (1988), Arnold, Gorski (1984), Beach (1981), Beatty (1979), Feder (1984), Jost (1983), Longino, Doell (1983), Meaney (1988), Meyer-Bahlburg (1984), : Whalen (1968). , .: Fausto-Sterling (1985), Bleier (1984) : C.L.Moore (1985) Birke (1989).
9 , , .: C.L.Moore (1985), Birke (1989), Goldfoot, Neff (1987).
10 .: Fausto-Sterling (1985). , Money Ehrhardt, Bleier (1984), Fausto Sterling (1985), : Quadagno et al. (1977).
11 H.L.Moore (1988), . 2.
12 : , , , . Myers (1984). .: Fleming (1989). , , , , Goldfoot, Neff (1987). : - , .
|
|
3
1 .
269
, 1960- , .: Davis (1981), Donavan (1988), Echols (1989), . Eisenstein (1983), Hull, Scott, Smith (1982), Jaggar (1983), : Nicholson (1986).
2 , . , , , , , , . , (, , , ) , , , . , , . : , , , , , , ; , , . . , , ? ? , , . , , ?, ? , - , , , , , . , , , , , .
, , , ... , , , , . , , , , .
, , , ( ) , . , - , (, . - . .) , . , , ; ( ), . , , . . - , , ; , ,
270
, .
. : Lyons (1977) Clark (1969). -, , . Rosch (1973), Lakoff(1987), Smith, Medin (1981), : Gardner (1985), 12.
3 - .: Pagels (1976), Phillips (1984), Sanday (1981), Lerner (1986), 8 9. .: Pagels (1977, 1988).
4 . Phillips (1984), Sanday (1981). .: Plaskow (1990), Reuther (1985), : Sjoo, (1987).
5 .: Okin (1979). .: Saxonhouse (1985) Bullough, Shelton, Slavin (1988). , , .: Bernal (1987).
6 , (Saxonhouse 1985) . , , , ; , , , .
7 Pateman (1988).
8 .: Hall (1954).
9 Sayers (1982), 8. Gallop (1982), 2, .: Mitchell (1974), . 121-131.
10 .: Einstein, Jardine (1980), Mitchell (1974), Gallop (1982, 1985), : Moi (1985).
!1 .: Estrich (1987), Lindgren, Taub (1988), Rhode (1989), Russell (1982).
12 , , Sachs, Wilson (1978). Basch (1982), DuBois (1978), Flexner (1959), Gurko (1974), Norton (1980) Pleck (1987).
13 Sachs, Wilson (1978), Lindgren, Taub (1988), Taub, Schneider (1982), Baer (1978).
14 , , Lindgren, Taub
271
(1988). Slaughter House, , (.: Sachs, Wilson, 1978, p. 99100.
15 Sachs, Wilson, 1978, p. 122.
16 , 1978, . 50.
17 Baron (1987), Lindgren, Taub (1988), Taub, Schneider (1988), MacKinnon (1987) Scales (1980-1981).
18 1960- . , . ., : - (United States v. Carotene Products, 1938).
19 .: Cole (1984).
20 .: Z.R.Eisenstein(1988).
21 .: Reskin (1984). .: Gold (1983), Treiman, Hartman (1981).
22 (Weitzman 1985) , : 42%, - 73%. , .: Faludi (1991, . 19-25).
4
1 , , . ., : Segal (1990).
2 , , : D'Emilio (1983b), Greenberg (1988), Katz (1976), Duberman, Vicinus, Chauncey (1989). .: Smith-Rosenberg (1975) Faderman (1978, 1981, 1991).
3 : Birken (1988), Chauncey (1982, 1983), Faderman (1978), Foucault (1978), Greenberg (1988), Marshall (1981), Weeks (1981, 1986).
4 .: Faderman (1981) Jeffreys (1985).
5 Chauncey (19821983), Focault (1987) D.King (1981). Havelock Ellis, .: Robinson (1976) Weeks (1977).
272
6 .: Cott (1978), : D'Emilio, Freedman (1988), 3.
7 , Chauncey (1982-1983), D.King (1981) Marshall (1981). Birken (1988).
8 .: Birken (1988), Marcus (1975) Sulloway (1979). .: Lewes (1988). Kitzinger (1987).
9 Stephen Marcus 1975 .
Lewes (1988) C.Thompson (1947).
11 .: Lewes (1988) Bayer (1981). , - , .: Friedman (1988).
12 Marcuse (1955).
13 .: Katz (1976).
14 , DSM .
15 Bayer (1981).
16 D'Emilio (1983b), D'Emilio, Freedman (1988).
17 (Kinsey), (Ford) (Beach) (Hooker) Bayer (1981). .: Robinson (1976).
18 , , , Bayer (1981). , , : William Simon John Gagnon (1967), , , ; Mary Mcintosh (1968), , , ; Howard Becker (1963), Erving Goffman (1963), Edwin Schur (1965) Martin Hoffman (1968), . .: Plummer (1981) D'Emilio (1983b), p. 142144. (Mcintosh), , (Jeffrey Weeks) - (Kenneth Plummer), Plummer (1981).
19 , , .: Greenberg (1988). Herdt (1981).
273
20 .: Plummer (1981a) Kitzinger (1987).
21 .:: Shields (1975a, 1975b, 1982). R.Rosenberg (1982).
, , Woolley, HoUingworth . Woolley 1910 : , , , , , , (. : Shields 1975a, . 739).
22 , Woolley, . 1960-, - , , , . ( Garai, Scheinfield 1968). , (: Deaux 1976; Frodi et al. 1977; Hochshild 1973; Hyde, Linn 1986; Sherman 1971; Maccoby, Jacklin 1974). , , , : Bleier (1988b), Block (1976), Eagly (1987), Epstein (1988), Hare-Mustin, Maracek (1988, 1990), Sherif (1979), Unger (1983).
23 Moravski (1985) -.
24 , Terman Miles, Morawski (1985) Lewin (1984a). .: Gould (1981).
25 , , .: Lewin (1984b) Constantinople (1973).
26 .: D.King (1981). , , , : Benjamin (1966), Stoller (1968), Green, Money (1969), Green (1974), DSM-III, . - , , Steiner (1985).
27 (, ) , , Stoller (1985), 9.
214
Blanchard (1985).
28 Reker Zucker (1985). ; , , , Reker , .
29 , , , , , , Garber (1992).
30 , , Huston (1983).
31 : (Mischel 1970) (Kohlberg 1966). , , Mussen (1969), Maccoby, Jacklin (1974), Huston (1983), Bern (1985).
32 Lewis, Brooks-Gunn (1979), Martin, Halverson, Ullian (1981).
33 Flavell (1963) Piaget (1970).
34 , , , : Bern (1989), Carey (1985), Goldman, Goldman (1982), Katcher (1955), Levin, Balistrieri, Schukit (1972), Thompson, Bentler (1971). , -, -, : Carter, McCloskey (1983 1984), Fagot (1977, 1985), Stoddart, Turiel (1985).
35 : Bern (1989), Carey (1985), Chi (1978), Gelman, Baillargeon (1983), Gelman, Gallistel (1978), a Keil (1989).
36 .: Broverman et. al. (1970), Bern (1972, 1974), Block (1973), Constantinople (1973), : Spence, Helmreich, Stapp (1974).
37 , , , , . : Crawford, Maracek (1989), Deaux (1984), Fine (1985), Fine, Gordon (1989), Hare-Mustin, Maracek (1988, 1990), Henley (1985), Jacklin (1989), Lykes, Stewart (1986), Parlee (1979), : WaUston (1981).
38 BSRI , , Lenney (1991). BSRI .: Bern (1974, 1977, 1981). (, )
275
BSRI, . -, , Bern (198S), Spence (1984), Taylor, Hall (1982), Frable (1989).
39 .: Gelpi (1974), Secor (1974), Stimpson (1974). Morawski (1987), Lott (1981), Sampson (1977).
40 -, .: Heilbrun (1980).
41 Bern (1987).
42 , (. . .), : Alcoff (1988), Echols (1983, 1989), Hare-Mustin, Maracek (1988), Snitow (1989). Snitow , . - Catharine Stimpson, 1980 .
43 . .: K.King (1990).
44 , , . : H.Eisenstein (1983), Harding (1986), Segal (1987).
5
1 , , . : Connell (1987), 9.
2 (Merton 1948). , (!) . (Rosental, Jacobson 1968) . , , Snyder (1981).
3 , , , . .: Mitchell J. (1974), 3.
4 , , , . . : Carol Gilligan (1982) 1.
5 ., : Garfinkel (1967), Raymond (1979), Kessler, McKenna (1978).
6 ., : , D'Emilio (1938b), D'Emilio, Freedman (1988), Halperin (1990).
276
7 Berger (1963) , Shveder (1984) .
8 Berger (1963), Shweder, LeVine (1984), Geertz (1973, 1983), a Shveder (1984). .: Edelstein (1983), Kessen (1979), Kessen, Siegel (1983), Tobin et al. (1989) Wartofsky (1983).
9 : Bellah et al. (1985), Geertz (1983), Hsu (1985), Ochs, Schieffelin (1984), Shweder, Bourne (1984).
.: . Hall (1973), 10 ( ).
10 3. , , , .
11 : Connell (1987). : Reskin (1984), Reskin, Hartmann (1986), Reskin, Roos (1990).
12 Martyna (1980); : Frank, Treichler (1989).
13 , , . 1983, 1984, 1985 1989 .
14 , , , , , : Carter, McCloskey (19831984), Fagot (1977, 1985), Fling, Manosevitz (1972), Langlois, Downs (1980), Stoddart, Turiel (1985). , , , , Garber (1992).
15 : Allport (1961), Kelly (1955), Bern, Allen (1974), Caspi, Bern, Elder (1989). Bern (1987). Ulrich Neisser. Cognitive Psychology. 1967. Neisser (1976). : Glass, Holyoak (1985), Gardner (1985).
16 , , .: Bern (1985), Frable, Bern (1985), Frable (1990).
17 , . , (Porter, Geis 1981; Porter et al. 1983).
18 . : Lott (1987), . 246249, Matlin (1987), . 129137.
277
Unger, Crawford (1992).
19 : Rodin et al. (1985) Dombusch et al. (1984).
20 , , Mayo, Henley (1981).
21 .: Brumberg (1988).
22 , , .: Parrot, Bechhofer (1991), Warshaw (1988).
23 - , , , , . , - , , .: (1988).
- , Newton (1988).
25 , D'Emilio (1983a, 1983b).
26 Katz (1976).
27 , , Brown (1989) Sedgwick (1990). , .: Escoffier (1990). , . , , : , ? , , , - ?
: , , , , , (., : Ferguson, 1990). : , , , , - , . , , , , , ; , , , , , .
278
28 , , , : , , , , , . , .
29 : Coleman (1982), Finnegan, McNally (1987), Troiden (1979) Cass (1979, 1983/1984). Kitzinger (1987).
30 , , : Weeks (1987), Fuss (1989), 7, Butler (1990). Sedgwick (1990).
6
1 Kirp et al. (1986)
2 Fuch (1988).
3 : (1978), Kaminer (1990), Kirp et al. (1986). .: Gold (1983). , , .: Hawkesworth (1990).
4 , 1970 . : , , ; , , . - .: Davis (1981), Hooks (1984); Hull, Scott, Smith (1982), : Joseph, Lewis (1981).
5 , , 1987 -, , . , , , (Rhode 1990) , .
6 , , , (1987), Okin (1989), Rhode (1989).
7 Fraser (1989), 7.
8 (antifeminist backlash), , .: Faludi (1991).
9 , , , , , , , , , .: Minow (1990).
10 , , : Newton, Walton (1984), Rubin (1984).