1. , 0,11 CaCl2 200 ?
.
CaCl2 D Ca+2 + 2 Cl-
CaCl2
C = 
= 
= 5×10-3 /,
CaCl2 ( ), , a = 1 (100 %).
[CaCl2]. = [CaCl2] = 5×10-3 /;
[CaCl2]. = 0 /.
,
[Ca+2] = [CaCl2]. = 5×10-3 /;
[C1-] = 2[CaCl2]. =2×5×10-3 = 10-2 /.
. Ca+2 C1-, CaCl2 . [Ca+2] =5×10-3, [C1-] =10-2 /.
2. [+], [C3-] [C3] 0,1 M C3, a =1,34 %.
. C3 D + + C3-]. C3- + C3, . ,
[C3-] = [+]= [C3]. .
a = . / C -, ,
[C3-] . = [C3].× a = 0,1× 
= 1,34 × 10-3 /, [+]= [C3-] = 1,34× 10-3 /.
[C3] = [C3]. - [C3-] . = - a = (1-a) = 0,1(1-0,00134) = 0,099866 /.
. [C3]. = 0,099866 /;
[+]= [C3-] = 1,34× 10-3 /.
3. [+] 10-2 M . K . 
= 5,1×10-4.
.
HNO2 D H+ + NO-2
[H+] = [HNO2]. . = a (. 2).
. K . = M. a2,
a = 
= 
= 2,3×10-1.
[H+] = a . = 2,3×10-1×10-2 =2,3×10-3 /;
= -lg [H+] = -lg(2,3×10-3)= 2,64.
. [H+] =2,3×10-3 /; pH = 2,64.
4. [H-], [H+] 0,2 %- NaOH? 1 /3.
.
1. M NaOH.
V - = 1 = 1000 3,
m - = V - × r - = 1000 × 1 = 1000 ,
m NaOH = m - 
= 1000 
= 2 ,
M = 
= 
= 0,05 /.
2. NaOH D Na+ + OH-, NaOH , M = 0,05 / a = 1.
, . = . = 0,05 /;
[Na+] = [OH-] =[NaOH]. = 0,05 /.
3. [+] × [OH-] = 10-14
[+] = 
= 
= 2×10-13 /.
4. = -lg[+] = lg2×10-13 = 12,7.
. [H-] = 5×10-2 /, [H+] = 2×10-13 / = 12,7.
1. ?
2. ? .
3. () ?
4. ? , ? .
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5. a? , , , , , .
6. ? (). 譭 ?
7. () , K ., a . ?
8. . K . . a K . .
9. ? , .
10. ( 5) . , - ?
11. ? . . .
12. ? . . .
13. , ?
14. () , .
1. - 0,1 .
2. 0,01 .
3. = 3. - .
4. - 10-3 /. .
5. - 0,1%- . .
6. - 0,01 .
7. - , 11?
8. , 1 0,4 .
9. 10-3 .
10. 0,056 . - .
11. 3 10-3 10 %. .
12. 2×10-3 NH4OH, a = 10 %.
13. , 0,05 . K .HF 7,4×10-4.
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14. , 0,1 22. K . 
2,4×10-12.
15. 5 %- ( ) 3 %. . 1 /3.
16. - 0,1 . K . 
= 1,8×10-5.
17. 1%- . 1 /3. K . 
= 1,8×10-5.
18. , 8 %. K . F =7,4×10-4.
19. , 3 %. 1 /3. K . 
= 3,5×10-5.
20. 3 %. 1 /3. K . 
= 1,02×10-7.
