(Present and Past Participle)
Present Participle: reading, writing, working.
Past Participle: a) written, taken, gone; b) worked, asked, used.
䳺 :
| ϳ , 䳺 | a) The man reading a newspaper is our teacher. (, , .) b) The used method is important. ( .) | |
| ij, | a) Reading the text we wrote out new words. ( , .) b) (When) used in this work, the method is becoming popular now. (ϳ , , .) | |
| ij | a) They are translating the text now. ( ) b) The texts are translated by them. ( .) c) We have seen this film. ( .) |
. , 䳺:
1. We saw a moving body in the sky. 2. The doctor examining the patients works many years in this hospital. 3. Palpating the patient, the doctor noticed some changes in his liver. 4. The professor applying this new method is well-known n our country. 5. They are fulfilling their task now. 6. He usually does not use a dictionary, reading English texts. 7. Reading the materials necessary for the seminar, we usually make notes in our copy-books. 8. Oranges containing vitamin C are useful for the patients.
b) 1. The case reported is very interesting. 2. The medical article written by our professor is very valuable for the doctors. 3. When invented not long ago, this device is widely used in medicine. 4. It is a hospital built many years ago. 5. He is a well-known scientist. 6. We have never been in Great Britain. 7. All books taken from the library were given to our students.
Lesson 16
Endocrine System
1. Pre-reading activities
1.1 Pronounce and memorize the words:
internal secretion -
external secretion
pineal gland -
thymus gland-
pituitary gland -
mammary gland -
thyroid gland -
mucous gland -
parathyroid gland-
salivary gland -
adrenal gland -
lachrymal gland -
gonads ,
ovary -
testes -
sweat glands - ;
1.1 Match the words-combinations:
regulates many functions
chemical substances
stimulate the growth
directly into the bloodstream
produces hormone
stimulates protein synthesis
intensifies the expenditure
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affects skin pigmentation
2. Reading activities
2.1 Read and comprehend the text:
Endocrine system
The endocrine system regulates many functions of an organism by means of specific chemical substances released from glands into the bloodstream. The glands are located in different regions of the body. The chemical substances are called hormones. Some hormones stimulate the growth of bones, the others can control metabolism within the cells of the body. There are glands of internal secretion (endocrine glands) and glands of external secretion (exocrine glands). The endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The exocrine glands secrete hormones into ducts which lead to the exterior of the body. Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, pineal gland and thymus gland belong to endocrine glands. Mammary, mucous, salivary, lachrymal and sweat glands belong to exocrine ones.
Adenohypophysis produces hormone called somatotropin which stimulates protein synthesis in organs and tissues and causes growth. The thyroid gland secretes hormone called thyroxin. It intensifies the expenditure of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium level in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The pineal gland secretes melatonin which affects skin pigmentation.
3. Post-reading activities
3.1 Answer the questions to the text:
1. By what means does the endocrine system regulate different functions of an organism? 2. Where are hormones released from? 3. What can the hormones do? 4. What glands are of internal secretion? 5. What glands are exocrine ones? 6. What glands regulate calcium level in the blood? 7. What does somatotropin stimulate? 8. What is the function of thyroid gland?
3.2 Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents for:
by means of specific chemical substances released from glands; different regions of the body; stimulate the growth of bones; control metabolism within the cells of the body; glands of internal secretion; glands of external secretion; directly into the bloodstream; belong to endocrine glands; intensifies the expenditure of carbohydrates, fats,proteins; regulates calcium level in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid; affects skin pigmentation.
3.3 Fill in:
1. The... are located in different regions of the body. 2. The chemical substances are called.... 3. There are glands of... secretion and glands.... 4. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the.... 5. stimulates synthesis of protein in organs and tissues. 6. Thyroxin intensifies the... of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. 7. ... gland secretes melatonin. 8.... hormone regulates calcium level the blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
3.4 Say if it is true or false:
1. The glands are located in different regions of the body.
2. The chemical substances are called s.
3. The endocrine glands secrete hormones into the ducts.
4. Mammary, mucous, salivary, lachrymal and sweat glands belong to endocrine glands.
5. The pituitary gland is composed of adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis.
6. Somatotropine stimulates carbohydrates synthesis in organs and tissues.
7. The pineal gland secretes melatonin which affects skin pigmentation.
3.5 Tell about the endocrine system using the following plan:
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1. Tell about the function of the E.S. (and by means of what this function is performed).
2. What can hormones do?
3. Two groups of glands.
4. The difference between these groups of glands.
5. Name all the glands.
6. Location of the glands.
7. Hormones (what glands release hormones and the function of these hormones).
GRAMMAR
䳺
| Active | Passive | |
| Present Participle | writing | being written |
| Past Participle | - | written |
| Perfect Participle | having written | having been written |
Perfect Participle , 䳺-. .
1. , 䳺:
1. Having read the book, I gave it to my friend. 2. Having done our work, we went home. 3. Being invited, he said he would not come there. 4. Having been translated into Ukrainian, the article was published in the magazine. 5. Having reported about the patient's condition, the doctor proposed to use new medicine. 6. Having achieved considerable success in the sphere of public health, our doctors continue to fight against diseases. 7. Being asked about his friend, he answered he did not know where he was.
2. 䳺 Past Indefinite i
-ed, :
1. Last month the newspaper described the results of research fulfilled by our scientists. 2. Yesterday professor N. delivered the lecture about some medical herbs used in their clinic. 3. This text will be translated into Ukrainian. 4. The information received helped the scientists to study this problem better. 5. At the conference they discussed the problems solved by our research group. 6. Millions of books are published in our country every year. 7. When translated, this article will be published in one of the medical magazine.
10
1. Read and translate the text:
Diabetes
Diabetes is a long-term condition caused by too much glucose in the blood. It is also known as diabetes mellitus. Normally, the amount of sugar in the blood is controlled by a hormone called insulin, which is produced by the pancreas. When food is digested and enters your bloodstream, insulin moves any glucose out of the blood and into cells, where it is broken down to produce energy.
However, in people with diabetes, the body is unable to break down glucose into energy. This is because there is either not enough insulin to move the glucose, or because the insulin that is there does not work properly.
There are two types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body produces no insulin. It is often referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes. It is also sometimes known as juvenile diabetes because it usually develops before the age of 40, often during the teenage years.
Type 2 diabetes occurs when not enough insulin is produced by the body for it to function properly, or when the bodys cells do not react to insulin. This is called insulin resistance.
If you have type 1 diabetes, you will need to take insulin injections for life. You must also make sure that your blood glucose levels stay balanced by eating a healthy diet and carrying out regular blood tests.
2. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is the amount of sugar in the blood controlled by? 2. How many types of diabetes are there? 3. In what cases does type 1 diabetes occur? 4. In what cases does type 2 diabetes occur? 5. When do patients need to take insulin injections for life?
Lesson 17
The Urinary System
1 Pre-reading activities
1.1 Read and memorize the words:
tiny tubules - urea - ;
ammonia - ; nitrogen - ;
urethra - ; ureter - ;
urine - ; bladder- ;
kidney ; renal ducts - ;
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depending on something - ;
bean-shaped - ;
adipose tissue ;
outer cortex part ;
inner medulla part ;
1.2 Match the words-combinations:
the main function
to excrete urea ᒺ
a hollow muscular sac
bean-shaped organs
outer cortex part
participation in the control
the volume of urine
2. Reading activities
2.1 Read and translate the text:
