Some of the most common diseases and disorders of the muscular system include myopathies, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, muscular dystrophy and others.
Myopathies are muscle diseases that affect skeletal muscles and are caused by genetic problems or metabolic disorders. Most types of myopathies results in weak skeletal muscles and often develop at a young age.
Chronic fatigue syndrome is a syndrome that's still being researched by physicians and results in extreme fatigue that doesn't go away with rest. Symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome include loss of memory, difficulty concentrating, fatigue, random muscle pain, headaches, unrefreshing sleep and sore throats.
Fibromyalgia results in widespread pain throughout every muscle in a person's body. Symptoms of fibromyalgia include joint tenderness, fatigue problems, and sleep disturbances.
Muscular dystrophy is a genetic muscle disease that makes muscle fibers abnormally susceptible to damage. Most types of muscular dystrophy are caused by the deficiency of a protein known as dystrophin.
2. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What diseases and disorders of the muscular system do you know? 2. What do myopathies affect? 3. When do myopathies often develop? 4. What do symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome include? 5. What does fibromyalgia result in? 6. What are most types of muscular dystrophy caused by?
Lesson 7
Our Skeleton
1. Pre-reading activities
1.1 Read and memorize the words:
parietal - ' lumber -
frontal - pelvis -
temporal - sacrum -
occipital - y -
skull - humerus -
cervical - ulna -
vertebra - radius -
clavicle - phalanges -
scapula - femur -
rib - fibula -
spine
thorax - tibia -
dorsal -
1.2 Match the words combinations:
2. Reading activities
supports the soft parts
protects the organs
the smallest bone
a hard layer
offer protection
according to their shape
2. Reading activities
2.1 Look at the drawing of a skeleton. Read facts about the skeleton.
The bones in the body are called the skeleton. Our skeleton supports the soft parts and protects the organs from injury. Without a skeleton we would just collapse. There are 206 bones in the human body. The smallest bone is in the ear. There are 26 bones in the backbone or spine. There are 26 bones in each foot and 27 bones in each hand. The longest bone is called the femur or the thigh bone. Bones have a hard layer outside and a strong layer inside.
Bones are classified according to their shape as long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. The functions of bones are very important. They serve as a structural framework of the body, offer protection for various organs, act as levers which are moved by muscles and thereby permit locomotion and serve as storage depots for calcium and other bone minerals. Besides, red blood cells and granulocytes are formed in the red bone marrow.
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3. Post-reading activities
3.1 Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents:
supports the soft parts and protects the organs from injury; the longest bone; a strong layer inside; flat bones; a structural framework of the body; are classified according to their shape; act as levers.
3.2 Suggest the English equivalents:
; ; ; ; ; .
3.3 Say if it is true or false:
1. The bones in the body are called the skeleton.
2. We have over 200 bones in our bodies.
3. The skeleton holds the body up.
4. There are 26 bones in the backbone.
5. Bones are very strong.
6. The longest bone is called the femur.
7. The backbone is called the spine.
8. The smallest bone is inside the brain.
9. There are 26 bones in the foot.
10. The hand has two bones in it.
3.4 Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is the main function of the skeleton? 2. How many bones are there in the human body? 3. Where is the smallest bone? 4. How many bones are there in the spine? 5. What is the name of the longest bone? 6. What kinds of bones are there? 7. Where are red blood cells and granulocytes formed?
3.5 Choose the proper words:
1. Without a skeleton we would just (die, collapse). 2. The smallest bone is in the (ear, brain). 3. Bones have a hard layer (inside, outside). 4. Bones are classified according to their (shape, weight). 5. Red blood cells and (granulocytes, lymphocytes) are formed in the red bone marrow. 6. Bones serve as storage depots for calcium and other bone (minerals, chemicals).
Grammar
Present Perfect Passive
| Active | Passive |
| have (has) + Participle II | have(has) + been + Participle II |
| He has written a letter today. | The letter has been written today. |
Exercises
Exercise1 .
| The hospital The nurses The injections The TV set The book | has been have been | repaired written built given trained | this year. today. this month. |
Exercise2 , 䳺:
I. has brought some English books today. 2. The textbooks have been already brought from the library. 3. They have been sent to Kyiv this week. 4. They have been in Lviv this year. 5. Our students have fulfilled this task this week. 6. This difficult work has been done just now. 7. My friend will have translated this medical article when you come. S. This text will have been translated by them by 10 oclock tomorrow. 9. The doctor has already examined all his patients. 10. These patients have not been examined today. 11. The old medical system had been modernized by 1993 year. 12. They have already rebuilt old hospitals and polyclinics.
Lesson 8
Bones and Joints
1. Pre-reading activities
1.1 Read and memorize the words:
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tough ,
rigid
junction 璺
immovable
movable
1.2 Match the words combinations:
tough and rigid form
connective tissue
main difference
permit movements
keep a balance
important components
2. Reading activities
2.1 Read and translate the text.
Bones and Joints
Human skeleton is composed of three main components: bones, associated cartilages and joints.
Bone is a tough and rigid form of connective tissue. It is the weight bearing organ of human body and it is responsible for almost all strength of human skeleton.
Cartilage is also a form of connective tissue but is not as tough and rigid as bone. The main difference in the cartilage and bone is the mineralization factor. Bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts while cartilages are not.
Joint is a junction between two or more bones or cartilages. Joints are important components of human skeleton because they make the human skeleton mobile. A joint occurs between two or more bones, bone and cartilage and cartilage and cartilage. It is a device to permit movements in a hard and rigid skeleton. Joints are formed in such a way that they keep a balance between the movement, stability and strength of human skeleton. There are immovable and movable joints. Immovable joints allow no movements.
3. Post-reading activities
3.1 Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents:
is composed of three main components; the weight bearing organ of human body; a form of connective tissue; the mineralization factor; make the human skeleton mobile; a junction between two or more bones.
3.2 Suggest the English equivalents:
; ; 璺 ; ; ; ; .
3.3 Answer the questions:
1. What is the human skeleton composed of? 2. What is a bone? 3. What is the main difference in the cartilage and bone? 4. Why are joints important components of human skeleton? 5. What joints are there? 6. Immovable joints allow no movements, do they?
3.4 Say if it is true or false:
1. Human skeleton is composed of three four components.
2. Cartilage is not as tough and rigid as bone.
3. Joints make the human skeleton mobile.
4. Movable joints allow no movements.
5. Bone is responsible for almost all strength of human skeleton.
Grammar
Past Perfect Passive
| Active | Passive | |
| had + Participle II | had + been + Participle II | |
| Past | He had written a letter when I came in. | The letter had been written when I came in. |
Exercise1 , 䳺:
1. My friend had translated this medical article before you came. 2. This text had been translated by 10 oclock yesterday. 3. The doctor had already examined all his patients. 4. These patients had not been examined by 10 oclock. 5. The old medical system had been modernized by 1993 year. 6. They had already rebuilt old hospitals and polyclinics.
Exercise 2
| The hospital The nurses The injections The TV set The book | had been | repaired written built given trained | by that time. when I came. by11 o clock |
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1. Read and translate the text:
Rickets
Rickets is a condition that affects bone development in children. It causes the bones to become soft and malformed, which can lead to bone deformities. This causes deformities of the skeleton, such as bowed legs, curvature of the spine and thickening of the ankles, wrists and knees.
The most common cause of rickets is a lack of vitamin D and calcium. Vitamin D comes from foods such as oily fish and eggs and from sunlight on our skin. Vitamin D is essential for a child to form strong and healthy bones.
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In rare cases, children can be born with a genetic form of rickets. It can also develop if another condition affects how vitamins and minerals are absorbed by the body.
Rickets can easily be prevented by eating a diet that includes vitamin D and calcium and spending some time in sunlight. The hands and face only need to be exposed to the sunlight a few times a week during spring and summer.
2. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What does rickets affect? 2. What is the most common cause of rickets? 3. Why is vitamin D essential for a child? 4. How can rickets be prevented? 5. How often do the hands and face need to be exposed to the sunlight?
polyclinics.
Lesson 9
Cardiovascular System
1. Pre- reading activities
1.1 Read the words and words-combinations and memorize
them:
Anatomic terms:
circulatory (cardiovascular) - ;
blood-; ventricle - ;
artery - ; valve - ();
vein - ; tricuspid valve - ;
capill - ; mitral valve - aorta - ; ;
vessel - ; chamber - ();
atrium - ; lung - ;
heart - ; fluid - ;
serum - ; auricle - ;
corpuscle-;
1.2 Match the words- combinations:
cardiovascular system
a hollow muscle
an upper chamber
the lesser circulatory system -
well-oxygenated blood
the greater circulatory system
a red fluid
millions of minute bodies
1. Reading activities
1.1 Read and translate the text:
THE CIRCULATORY (CARDIOVASCULAR) SYSTEM
The cardiovascular system is the system of blood circulation. It consists of the heart, the arteries, the veins and capillaries of the human body. The heart is a hollow muscle. It is divided into four chambers. The right heart consists of an upper chamber called an atrium (with the auricle) and a lower chamber called a ventricle. Between these two chambers is a one-way valve, called the tricuspid valve. The left heart has two similar chambers and the mitral valve between them.
Although the heart is a unit, anatomically and functionally, it can be thought of as two isolated pumps - the "right heart" and the "left heart".
The right heart receives blood from the veins and pumps it into the lung by way of the lesser circulatory system. In the lungs the blood is supplied with oxygen. Then it moves into the left heart. From the left heart the well-oxygenated blood is pumped into a large artery called the aorta, which distributes it to the entire body by means of the greater circulatory system. The blood is returned to the heart by means of the veins.
2. Vocabulary exercises.
2.1 Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents for:
the cardiovascular system; a hollow muscle; four chambers; an atrium with the auricle; a lower chamber called a ventricle; the tricuspid valve; the mitral valve; two isolatedpumps; by way of the lesser circulatory system; is supplied with oxygen; it moves into the left heart; the well-oxygenated blood; a large artery called the aorta; distributes it to the entire body; by means of the greater circulatory system.
2.2 Give the English of:
; , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
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3.3 Fill in the blanks:
1. The right heart consists of an upper chamber called... (with the auricle) and a lower chamber called....
2. It consists of...,..., the veins and capillaries of the human body.
3. The blood is a red fluid, which... when it escapes from a blood vessel.
4. In the lung the blood is supplied with....
5.... is a hollow muscle.
6. The right heart receives blood from... and the pumps it
into the lung by way of the lesser circulatory system.
3.4 Say if it is true or false:
1. The cardiovascular system is the system of blood circulation.
2. The right heart consists of an upper chamber called an atrium (with the auricle) and a lower chamber called a ventricle and a mitral valve between them.
3. The right heart receives blood from the veins and pumps it into the lung by way of the greater circulatory system.
4. In the lungs the blood is supplied with oxygen.
5. The blood is returned to the heart by means of the arteries.
3.4. Answer the questions:
1.What is the cardiovascular system?
2. What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
3. How many chambers is the heart divided into?
4. What does the right heart consist of?
5. Where is the blood supplied with oxygen?
6. The blood is returned to the heart by means of veins, isn't it?
3.5 Translate into English:
1. - , , .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
4. Talking points
4.1 Get ready to speak on the structure of the cardiovascular system.
Grammar
Future Perfect Passive
| Active | Passive |
| will have + Participle II | will have + been + Participle II |
| He will have written a letter by 6 o'clock. | The letter will have been written by 6 o'clock. |
Exercise 1
| The hospital The nurses The injections The TV set The book | will have been | repaired written built given trained | by this time tomorrow. when I come. by11 o clock tomorrow. |
Exercise 2 Fill in:
1. The text... from the library when we entered the reading-room (bring). 2. They... to France this week (send). 3. This difficult work... by 6 o'clock yesterday (do). 4. This text... bythem by 10 o'clock tomorrow (translate). 5. These patients... today (examine). 6. The old medical system... by 1993 year (modernize). 7. The old hospital already (rebuilt).
2. Ask questions:
1. The text has been translated today. (Has?) 2. This hospital had been built when we came to this town. (When?) 3. This problem has been discussed by them. (Whom?) 4. Many patients had been examined by 5.o'clock yesterday. (When?) 5. This plant had been reconstructed by June. (What month?)
6
1. Read and translate the text:
