1. (4.18) v =50
2.
3.
4. .
1. ?
2. ? ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. , .
6. , ?
7. , ?
[1, c.198-202], [2, c.91-98], [3, c.136-140], [4, c.87-96]
3.5
: , .
: , , , , .
: , , (, , ).
, .. . , . , , , , , , . - . . 5.1 . , OO ′. abcd . I F, . O-O ′, O ′ -O. ab cd . . .
|
|
. . . (. 5.2, ). 1 2 (. 5.2, ). ( ), (), .
. 5.3. 1, -. 2 - 3, 4. 5, , 6. 7 8, .
6 8 , . (), , (. 5.4, , , ). , .. (. 5.4, ).
. I . .
(5.1)
; I ; .
:
(5.2)
n .
(-) , -
(5.3)
. (5.3) :
(5.4)
. .
(5.5)
, ( ) . , -(5.2). (5.4), , , (5.1). , : = . , . , , - .
|
|
(n = 0) (5.2) = 0. (5.4) I , .. R :
. (5.6)
R, - ().
(5.7)
I .
, , ., . . .
(5.2) (5.3) :
(5.8)
(5.8) , , . - .
.
, .. ( ) 3-5% I , .
: (.5.5)
n0 = ƒ (I), U = U = const I = I0,
n0- ( ), I0 5 10% I.
, R , (5.8) :
(5.9)
= ƒ(I ), n I . . , . , (5.9) ( I → 0, 0, n → ∞).