MS-DOS , . , .
IBM PC 16- i18088, 1 . (IBM PC AT, AT386 .) , DOS . , . 1.10.
MS-DOS :
/ BIOS (base input-output system), (POST) (), . , MS-DOS BIOS. , .
BIOS IO.SYS.
, DOS MSDOS.SYS. .
( ) COMMAND..
, .
MS-DOS (boot record).
IBM PC .
( 1024 ) . i8088, . ( i80286) , .
MS-DOS . Conventional Memory (, ).
/. UMA (upper memory areas ).
, , , /. , /, ( ) . CONFIG.SYS.
, 10FFFFh, DOS- , . , 10FFFFh. : XMS (extended memory specification) EMS (expanded memory specification).
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, MS-DOS , COMMAND. . , . ; , . , , , COMMAND.COM.
(conventional memory) , . MS-DOS .
1.7.2.
Microsoft Windows 95/98
Windows 95/98 32-, . .
MS‑DOS 7.0 (MS-DOS 98). MS-DOS 7.0 , DOS. GUI- Windows 95/98 .
. , 16- Windows. , , , ( , , ) , .
Windows 95/98 32- , 32- . . , , .
Windows 95 2 . 2 3 DLL (dynamic link library, ), . 32- i8086 , 0 3. 0 , . Windows 95, 0, 3 4 . Windows, , (VxD).
2 4 32- 32- .
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2 3 16‑ Windows. , , Windows 3..
4 . , . .
. 1.11.
. 1.11. Windows 95/98
, Windows 95 , 4 , , .
1.7.3.
Microsoft Windows NT
Windows NT Windows 95/98. , Windows 95/98 , , .
-, , . .
-, , (), , .
. 1.12.
2 () () 64 2 ( 64 ). , (clipboard), DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange, ) OLE (Object Linking and Embedding, ).
2- DLL 3, , . , - (server process), , . - , .
2 4 Windows NT 0, , .
, , Windows NT (Windows NT virtual memory manager, VMM). , .
, , (page frame). , ( VMM) , . 2, . , . , , . , , . , , .
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(page fault). , (paging), .
, , Pagefile.sys . , . Pagefile.sys , , , . , ; . , . 12 , . .
Windows NT 4.0 , , (memory pools). , . , , , .
(paged pool) , . (nonpaged pool) , . , , , , .
, Windows NT. , .
Windows NT : (reserved), (committed) (available),
, (VMM) , , . , . , , .
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, VMM Pagefile.sys , . . . (commit limit) , . , .
, , , . , ( ), , (standby list), , .
2. /
2.1.
/
/ , - . - / , . /, /, , . /, , . , , , , , - . , / , , .
: / . . , / , . / ( ), . , /.
/ , . / ( ) . , -. . , . . , /.
, :
1. /. , . , , , . : , , . / - () -, , / .
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2. . , / ( ) . , , , , , .
3. / , . / , / . , /, .
, / , , /. , , :
/ / . , , , () () ;
/ , / ( / , ). / , ;
/ / ( ) / , , ;
/ ;
/ , /;
/ / /, .
, ( ) / ( ). /, , /, .
2.2. /
, /: / . . 2.1.
/ ( , , / ). /. , , , /. / ( ). ( , / ) , . , , , , , , . , . , , . , /, / . /. .
, , . ( ), , . , / , -. , , , . / .
, , : , .
/. / /.
( , ) . , , . / , , , . . , , .
/ .
/ , , . , . , Windows ( Windows 9x, Windows NT) , , , 100%- . , , , , , Windows .
. , . , . , /.
/, , . . , , , ( ) , -. , , - . , -, (spool-reader spool-writer).
2.3. /
/, ( ) . , /, , .
/ , / , .
( ) /, . (equipment table), UCB (unit control block, /). UCB , , :
, , ;
( , , . .);
( ), ;
, , ;
, , ( ) , ;
- -;
;
, , , , .
/ . , (/ ) /, ( ) . , /, . , () . . , , . / . , (), , (DRT, device reference table). () , . , : , () , .
/. , UCB, , , () .
, /.
. 2.2.
. 2.2. /
/ (. 2.3).
/ ( 1). ( 1-1). , / ( 2). () DRT UCB ( 2). , , /, , . , / UCB , , ( 3). / , / ( 4). , - ( ) , ( 5). , / , , ( 6). , , , . , , /.
, /, ( ), - , /. , .
2.4. /
, /, . , , , . /. / . , /.
, /, . , . /. , /. , , , -, / , -, / UCB.
. , , / ( ). , , /. () , () , . , . , / /, . , , , /. , , , ( ), ( ) . , / /, . / .
2.5. /
2-3 , . , / .
.
. , , . . , . , . , .
, . - , , , , ( , ). , . : , , . , . (lazy write, ). , . . ( ), , .
, , , , . , - .
(read ahead). , . , . . , , , , . , , .
, . , . . , / :
1. SSTF (shortest seek time first) . , , /. , . , . .
2. Scan (). , , . / , .
3. Next-Step Scan , , . , /, , , .
4. C-Scan ( ). , , . , , , , , ; . .