.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


MS-DOS




MS-DOS , . , .

IBM PC 16- i18088, 1 . (IBM PC AT, AT386 .) , DOS . , . 1.10.

MS-DOS :

/ BIOS (base input-output system), (POST) (), . , MS-DOS BIOS. , .

BIOS IO.SYS.

, DOS MSDOS.SYS. .

( ) COMMAND..

, .

MS-DOS (boot record).

IBM PC .

( 1024 ) . i8088, . ( i80286) , .

MS-DOS . Conventional Memory (, ).

/. UMA (upper memory areas ).

, , , /. , /, ( ) . CONFIG.SYS.

, 10FFFFh, DOS- , . , 10FFFFh. : XMS (extended memory specification) EMS (expanded memory specification).

, MS-DOS , COMMAND. . , . ; , . , , , COMMAND.COM.

(conventional memory) , . MS-DOS .

1.7.2.
Microsoft Windows 95/98

Windows 95/98 32-, . .

MS‑DOS 7.0 (MS-DOS 98). MS-DOS 7.0 , DOS. GUI- Windows 95/98 .

. , 16- Windows. , , , ( , , ) , .

Windows 95/98 32- , 32- . . , , .

Windows 95 2 . 2 3 DLL (dynamic link library, ), . 32- i8086 , 0 3. 0 , . Windows 95, 0, 3 4 . Windows, , (VxD).

2 4 32- 32- .

2 3 16‑ Windows. , , Windows 3..

4 . , . .

. 1.11.

. 1.11. Windows 95/98

 

, Windows 95 , 4 , , .

1.7.3.
Microsoft Windows NT

Windows NT Windows 95/98. , Windows 95/98 , , .

-, , . .

-, , (), , .

. 1.12.

2 () () 64 2 ( 64 ). , (clipboard), DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange, ) OLE (Object Linking and Embedding, ).

2- DLL 3, , . , - (server process), , . - , .

2 4 Windows NT 0, , .

, , Windows NT (Windows NT virtual memory manager, VMM). , .

, , (page frame). , ( VMM) , . 2, . , . , , . , , . , , .

(page fault). , (paging), .

, , Pagefile.sys . , . Pagefile.sys , , , . , ; . , . 12 , . .

Windows NT 4.0 , , (memory pools). , . , , , .

(paged pool) , . (nonpaged pool) , . , , , , .

, Windows NT. , .

Windows NT : (reserved), (committed) (available),

, (VMM) , , . , . , , .

, VMM Pagefile.sys , . . . (commit limit) , . , .

, , , . , ( ), , (standby list), , .

2. /

2.1.
/

/ , - . - / , . /, /, , . /, , . , , , , , - . , / , , .

: / . . , / , . / ( ), . , /.

/ , . / ( ) . , -. . , . . , /.

, :

1. /. , . , , , . : , , . / - () -, , / .

2. . , / ( ) . , , , , , .

3. / , . / , / . , /, .

, / , , /. , , :

/ / . , , , () () ;

/ , / ( / , ). / , ;

/ / ( ) / , , ;

/ ;

/ , /;

/ / /, .

, ( ) / ( ). /, , /, .

2.2. /

, /: / . . 2.1.

/ ( , , / ). /. , , , /. / ( ). ( , / ) , . , , , , , , . , . , , . , /, / . /. .

, , . ( ), , . , / , -. , , , . / .

, , : , .

/. / /.

( , ) . , , . / , , , . . , , .

/ .

/ , , . , . , Windows ( Windows 9x, Windows NT) , , , 100%- . , , , , , Windows .

. , . , . , /.

/, , . . , , , ( ) , -. , , - . , -, (spool-reader spool-writer).

2.3. /

/, ( ) . , /, , .

/ , / , .

( ) /, . (equipment table), UCB (unit control block, /). UCB , , :

, , ;

( , , . .);

( ), ;

, , ;

, , ( ) , ;

- -;

;

, , , , .

/ . , (/ ) /, ( ) . , /, . , () . . , , . / . , (), , (DRT, device reference table). () , . , : , () , .

/. , UCB, , , () .

, /.

. 2.2.

 

. 2.2. /

 

/ (. 2.3).

/ ( 1). ( 1-1). , / ( 2). () DRT UCB ( 2). , , /, , . , / UCB , , ( 3). / , / ( 4). , - ( ) , ( 5). , / , , ( 6). , , , . , , /.

, /, ( ), - , /. , .

2.4. /

, /, . , , , . /. / . , /.

, /, . , . /. , /. , , , -, / , -, / UCB.

. , , / ( ). , , /. () , () , . , . , / /, . , , , /. , , , ( ), ( ) . , / /, . / .

2.5. /

2-3 , . , / .

.

. , , . . , . , . , .

, . - , , , , ( , ). , . : , , . , . (lazy write, ). , . . ( ), , .

, , , , . , - .

(read ahead). , . , . . , , , , . , , .

, . , . . , / :

1. SSTF (shortest seek time first) . , , /. , . , . .

2. Scan (). , , . / , .

3. Next-Step Scan , , . , /, , , .

4. C-Scan ( ). , , . , , , , , ; . .

 





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