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II. The First Steps in Saving the Far Eastern Leopard




The major factor in the decline of the leopard population in the wild is the direct destruction of the predator and of its food sources. In order to reduce the chances of the animal's disappearance, it is necessary to:

organize an effective guard of the reserves and hunting areas within the leopard's natural habitat, and to beef up the personnel and the material and technical base;

create a special executive group for the conservation of the leopard, based in the leopard's habitat; add qualified personnel to existing groups and provide them with transportation; coordinate the activities of the guards at the Kedrovaya Pad, Barsovy and Borisovskoye Plateau reserves with the hunting area guards; and exchange information and conduct joint raids; petition the border guard command to allow hunting inspectors and conservation groups into the border area, and to stop poaching there;

prohibit the use of traps and the hunting of ungulates using dog packs in the leopard's habitat;

develop a system of compensation for the loss suffered by deer farms due to the leopard, and to identify sources of financing for such compensation; invite leopard specialists and members of working groups to help settle conflicts, and to evaluate the degree of loss and to make recommendations on the fate of the predator;

abide by the recommendations of Primorski Krai administration on the minimum acceptable density of the ungulate population (Appendix to the Primorski Krai administration decree No. 182, dated 28 June 1993) when establishing quotas for ungulate hunting;

demand that the administration of deer farms include in their economic and technical founding documents articles that provide for the protection and breeding of the leopard and other rare animals and plants on their territory, in accordance with the law;



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conduct a wide-ranging advertising campaign to attract public attention, both in Russia and abroad, to the task of protecting the Far Eastern leopard.


 


II.2.

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II.2. Developing an Optimal System of Nature Exploitation in the Leopard's Habitat

Long-term strategy for the exploitation of natural resources in the south-western Primorski Krai must be aimed at the conservation of the rich biological variety of this unique region, the pearl of which is the leopard.

The Eastern Manchurian Mountain spurs, where the leopard lives, are characterized by the greatest variety of plant and animal life in the Far East, containing many rare species and endemic species. For this reason the successful conservation of the leopard and its habitat will aid the conservation of the entire system of biological diversity in this most interesting region of the Far East. Priority must be given to the maximal conservation of the natural habitat and range of the leopard.

Hunting areas in the leopard's habitat can provide reliable refuge for the leopard only if hunting restrictions arc conscientiously observed: quotas are established for the shooting of ungulates; prohibition of trapping and hunting with dogs. Methods for preserving the leopard in these areas must be developed in collaboration with hunters. Besides this, in order to stabilize the leopard's food base a system of bioteclmical measures must be developed to preserve and increase the population density of wild ungulates in the reserves and hunting areas.

The most urgent problem is to regulate the relationship between the leopard and the administrators of the deer farms, to make their relationship mutually beneficial, and to make the administrators and workers in these enterprises partners in the conservation of the leopard. This would be possible if a system is developed that would provide insurance to the deer farms against attacks by leopards. The main problem is finding a source of financing to compensate the deer farms for the losses suffered from leopards. Contributions from Russian and foreign funds, prepared to take part in saving the leopard, could be a possible



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source. The possibility of making these deer-farming enterprises the property of nature conservation organizations must be examined, as well as the creation of special leopard-breeding areas within their confines, where it would be possible to conduct research into various aspects of biology, developing methods of trapping, census-taking, etc. These leopard parks could become extremely attractive for eco-tourism and could have a great cultural and educational significance.

At the present time raising deer to harvest their antlers a traditional form of land use in southern Primorski Krai is undergoing a crisis. If this industry is destroyed, the food base of the leopard will be curtailed, and the number of unemployed will increase sharply, leading to a rise in poacliing. For this reason the support of deer-farming must be looked at as an alternative to other methods of developing the region, aimed at industrial expansion and population growth.

All of the above stresses the urgency of developing a general plan for the exploitation of natural resources in south-western Primorski Krai, aimed at preserving the unique biological diversity of the region and an economic regime that will spare the environment as much as possible.

This plan should provide for the development of ecological tourism. It is a hopeful sign that at the present time there are no plans for a fundamental transformation of the leopard's habitat, and the government of Primorski Krai understands the necessity of protecting this animal.

The path of economic development of south-western Primorski Krai will, to a large extent, determine the fate of the last population of the Far Eastern leopard in Russia.

In order to provide a secure future for the natural population of the Far eastern leopard it is necessary to:

conduct a detailed ecological analysis, concentrating on rare animal species, of economic development plans that impinge directly or indirectly, on the habitat of the Far Eastern leopard;

develop a general plan for the exploitation of natural resources in south-west Primorski Krai, providing for the preservation of its biological diversity, an economic regime that spares the environment as



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much as possible, and support for deer fanning;

establish and enforce a full ban on logging in virgin forests or those forests that are largely untouched within the leopard's habitat;

develop and implement a system of measures of defense against spring and autumn fires, to prevent their spreading to the forests;

develop and implement norms for hunting within the leopard's habitat, and to coordinate them with the hunters themselves; develop all of the above measures on the basis of nature conservation programs in the region a system of natural areas enjoying special protection.


 


II.3.

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II.3. The Completion of a Network of Leopard Reserves Natural Areas Enjoying Special Protection

The area of zakazniks and the Kedrovaya Pad zapovednik cover a large part about 40% of the contemporary range of the Far Eastern leopard. However these figures are deceptive. First, their share is several times smaller in comparison with the leopard's natural habitat in the past. Second, the area, winch at the moment is still inhabited by the Far Eastern leopard (an area not exceeding 3,500-4,000 sq. km), is extremely small and significantly inferior to, for example, the size of the Sikhote-AHnsky zapovednik alone. The Sikhote-Alinsky reserve is still not sufficient to fully support the tiger. Third, the existing PAs aare not integrated into a network, but rather are heterogenous in terms of leopard habitat conditions, protection regime and their efficiency as protected areas. Only one PA, Kedrovaya Pad possesses zapovednik status. For these reasons efforts must be directed at raising the effectiveness of these territories by raising their status, and coordinating the various special areas, strengthening their financial and technical bases. A plan should be developed to unite all of these special areas into one network under common direction, and to follow this with the creation of a single reserve, which in the future could become a part of an international Russo-Chinese reserve.


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The completion of a network of specially protected areas in the south-west Primorski Krai will necessitate:

an evaluation of the effectiveness of each of the existing protected areas, their location along the border in relation to the location of the leopard population and threats to its existence; if necessary, an adjustment of the border to neutralize the threats so identified; creation of ecological corridors; the organization of a united international reserve on the basis of existing and future specially protected areas in the border regions of Russia, North Korea and China; initiating the relevant steps by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the State Committee on Environmental Protection.

This last, it is assumed, win play the decisive role in protecting the Far Eastern leopard in the long term.


 


.4.

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.4. The Creation

of a Self-Sustaining Population

in Captivity

The high risk that the Far Eastern leopard will disappear altogether in the wild raises the significance of work on breeding the leopard in captivity. Unfortunately, the number of purebred animals of this subspecies, concentrated in vaiious zoos, is still veiy small. In order to increase the chances for success in creating a self-sustaining population of leopards in captivity, it would be desirable to bring in animals captured in the wild periodically. The group of leopards in captivity could, in turn, serve to supplement or create natural populations.

Concrete measures in this area amount to the following:

continuation of the work done by Russian zoos within the framework of the European program for captive breeding, to maintain and increase the population of pure-bred Far Eastern leopards in captivity;



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supplementation of tliis group with animals that have to taken out of the wild because they have been wounded or injured in some way;

if the number of Far Eastern leopards in the wild increases significantly, the group of leopards in captivity should be supplemented by animals caught in the wild; demelopment of methods for returning animals born in captivity to the wild, with the goal of supplementing the natural population, or the re-establishment of populations that have disappeared; planning and creation of an experimental centre in Primorski Krai for breeding animals under conditions as close to nature as possible, as well as for maintaining them and preparing them for release into the wild. If these experiments are successful, the centre could become a productive enterprise. The individuals which cannot live in the wild for.various reasons could be returned to zoos.


 


II.5.

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U.S. The Restoration of Lost Populations in the Wild

Hie area inhabitated by die leopard is, at present, extremely small, and to guarantee its survival in the long term it is necessary to develop a special program to restore lost populations.

The implementation of such programs for large carnivores is, as the still scant world experience in this area shows, a complicated and expensive undertaking, demanding multi-faceted scientific and methodological preparation. Priority must be given to the protection of the base population in the wild and in captivity, capable of providing for the expansion of plans to reintroduce captive animals into the wild without serious damage to existing populations.

The program of restoring lost populations into leopard habitat demands that the following questions be resolved:

detailed analysis of the reasons for the disappearance of the leopard in southern Sik-hote-Alin and in western Primorski Krai; the division of the program into consecutive stages with detailed development of the content of each stage in order to minimize the risk of accidental death of the animals during the reintroduction phase;


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the selection and preparation of a group of animals the founders of the new population in a special centre, or the selection of places where they can be trapped in the wild for a rapid redeployment to a new location without being held in captivity; the selection of a specific region for the rcintroduction, where conditions arc optimal for the survival and growth of the animals thus released (at the present time the choice is limited, for all practical purposes, to southern Sikhote-Alin); the release of animals fitted with radio-collars, and monitoring of the situation afterwards;

the organization of a reliable system of protection of the animals in tire places where they are released not only for the leopards themselves, but for their potential prey; constant monitoring of the situation, and, if necessary, the implementation of special measures to provide the leopard with prey; * wide-ranging educational efforts among hunters and the local population.


 






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