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Vocabulary Notes. 1. To curlυt/i. 1. (-), (-), E. G




1. to curl υt/i. 1. (-), (-), e.g. She has curled her hair. The old man was curling his long moustache.

2. , , .g. Does her hair curl naturally or does she curl it in curlers? The smoke from our camp-fires curled upwards among the trees.

to curl one's lip , .g. I don't like the way she curls her lip when talking to me.

to curl up (-), .g. The child curled up in the arm-chair and went to sleep.

curling adj ( )

Cf. curled adj and curly adj , .g. I don't like curled hair. But I liked this plump curly-headed little boy.

curl n 1. , ; 2. , , .g. The girl had long curls over her shoulders. How do you keep your hair in curl? Soon we saw the curls of smoke rise upwards.

2. to break (broke, broken) υt/i 1. (-), (-), .g. fell and broke his leg. Who broke the window? Glass breaks easily.

to break (smth.) in two (three, etc.) (-), (-), (-) ( ..) , .g. The mother broke the bread in two and gave each child a piece.

to break to pieces (-) , .g. The vase fell and broke to pieces.

2. (, ), , usu. to be broken, .g. was completely broken as the result of the failure of his business. She was broken after her husband's death.

3. , as to break the law, a promise, one's word, an appointment

Ant. to keep, .g. She broke the appointment. = She did not keep it

to break with smb. or smth. (old habits, traditions, etc.) .., ..., .g. can't break with his bad habits.

to break off (, ), .g. When she came in he broke off. He broke off in the middle of a sentence.

N o t e: No object after break off. Cf. in Russian: .

to break out , ( , , ), .g. A fire broke out during the night.

to break through (smth.) (-), .g. The partisans broke through the enemy's line.

to break the record

break n , ( , ..), .g. I feel tired, let's have a break. We're working since nine o'clock without a break.

3. to stick (stuck, stuck) υt/i 1. (-), ; ; , as to stick a stamp on a letter, to stick a notice on a board. These stamps won't stick. The nickname stuck to him.

2. ; , ? , .g. Friends should stick together. You must stick to your promise. Though Tom saw that nobody believed him, he stuck to his words. Stick to business! (He !)

3. , ; , .g. The girl stuck a flower in her hair. He stuck his hands in his pockets.

4. , , .g. The splinter stuck in my finger. The car stuck in the mud. The key stuck in the keyhole.

4. to drive (drove, driven) υt/i 1. (); (), .g. drove the horses into the forest.

2. , (, ), .g. He's learning to drive.

3. ( , ), .g. Shall we drive home or walk?

N o t e: With reference to travelling on a bicycle, on a horse or other animal the verb to ride is used, .g. He jumped on his horse and rode away. He rode over on his bicycle to see me yesterday.

to drive up (away) (), e.g. We drove up to the house.

to drive at (colloq.) -., -., .g. I could not understand what he was driving at.

to drive smb. mad

drive n , , ( , ), .g. We had a nice drive.

to go for a drive , , .g. Shall we go for a drive round the town?

driver n , , , as a bus-driver, tram-driver, taxi-driver, engine-driver

5. pause n , ; , .g. There was a short pause while the next speaker got on to the platform. A pause is made because of doubt or hesitation or for the sake of expressiveness when speaking, singing, reading, etc.

Syn. break

to make a pause , , .g. The speaker made a short pause to stress his words.

to pause υi , , .g. paused to collect his thoughts. He went on without pausing.

Syn. stop

N t e: to stop is usually used when the action is not supposed to continue; to pause is used when there is only a temporary break in the action, especially in speech or writing, .g. He paused until the noise stopped.

6. to nod υi/t 1. , .g. I asked him if he could ring me up and he nodded. She nodded to me as she passed.

Syn. bow

N t e: to sod refers lo a quick motion of the head only, and is less formal than to bow, which is a slower, formal bending, usually of the body as well as the head, .g. The servant bowed and left the room.

Ant to shake one's bead

2. , , .g. She sat in the armchair nodding over her book.

nod n , .g. She passed me with a nod. She gave me a nod.

7. ruin n 1. , , , .g. The death of Davy's mother was the ruin of his hopes.

to bring smb. (smth.) to ruin , , .g. brought his family to ruin.

2. (often pl), , .g. The ruins of Rome. The enemy left the city in rains.

rain υt , ,

to ruin one's life (hopes, business, constitution), .g. He knew that he himself had ruined his life by stealing the money.

to rain oneself , .g. The fellow rained himself by card-playing.

ruinous adj , ,

8. to rub υt/i (-), , .g. The gymnast rubbed hishands with talc. The dog rubbed its nose against my coat.

to rub smth. dry , .g. rubbed Ms face (hands) dry.

to rub in ( . .), .g. Rub the oil in well.

to rub off ( ), .g. Rub the words off the blackboard.

to rub out ( , ), . . She rubbed all the pencil marks out.

to rub one's hands (together) , .g. His manner of rubbing bis hands gets on my nerves.

rub n, .g. She gave the spoons a good rub.

9. vacant adj , ; , , .g. The telephone booth was vacant and I was able to telephone at once. She gazed into vacant space.

N o t e: The Russian words and have different English equivalents:

1. may be translated by vacant, free, not engaged, spare, loose.

vacant means "not occupied," as a vacant seat (room, house, flat); a vacant post (position); a vaant mind

free means "independent," as a free person; a free state; free will

not engaged means "not occupied, not busy," .g. You are not engaged now, are you?

Ant. engaged, busy

Spare means "additional to what is usually needed," .g. I have spare time today. I've got spare cash about me and can lend you 3 or 5 roubles.

loose means "not tight or not fitting close," .g. He had loose clothes on. All the window frames in my flat are loose.

Ant tight

2. has the following English equivalents: vacant, empty, blank, shallow.

(See the notes to the word blank on p. 164.)

vacancy n , .g. We have a vacancy on our staff. We advertised for a secretary to fill the vacancy.





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