, FOREX (Foreign Exchange Market) - , (, , ) . : , , , , , , ; .
FOREX - , 90 % . - , , , - 24 , . , , 10 , (, 5- ).
? , : , , , . . , , , , , .
: . ( ), . , , . , . :
) ;
) , .
: " ". - , . , , , , - . - , .
|
|
, , 1973 , 1944 -. . , . , , , , , , , . , ; , . , .
, , , , . , . , , . , .
- , . , ( ) , . (35 ), ( ).
. . ( ), . . , , ( ) , . , , .
|
|
, ( ), , , , . 50- , , , . , , . 60- . , , , .
70- . ; , . , , . , 70- , (free floating - ). 1980 750 ( 1975 ). 70- , - .
, , , , . , ; , , . FOREX : , , , .
, FOREX, (USD), (EUR), (JPY), (CHF) (GBP). (DEM).
(USD), , . , - , , - . , , , , .
, , . 80- , : , . 1993 , , , .
|
|
, , 50 61 , 1 . . 87% FOREX ( 1998 ). 87%; 64%, - 98%.
2.1. . , , . , ; , . , , , , . ( 3), , , .
2.2. , -, . 1999 .
. 2.1.
. 2.2. -
. 2.3.
(JPY) 360 , , 80 1995 ., 1998 .
; . , - . , .
(GBP). ; , , , .
. 2.4.
50% . 14%. . - GBP . , ( petrocurrency). FOREX cable, pound. , , , , . Cable , , GBP USD, a pound - .
|
|
(). , . - (, ). , , ; . - (safe-haven) 1999 - .
. 2.5.
() , . (SNB) , -; , , SNB 20 .
, . 98% . .
(D) ( 25%). , - , , , , .
(EUR), 1 1999 , 11 , . - (Euro-area) , , , , , , , , , , 2365000 . . 291 ( - 269 , - 126).
. 2.6. ( 1 1999 ECU)
() 1997 . 5,55 ECU (ECU-European Currency Unit), 6,51 , 6,85 ECU, - 3,71 . 10 % -. 1997 25% . 30% ; , 70% -.
1998 1,0%; 11 3,0 % 1998 . 1999 10,8 %, 18,2 % 2,2 % .
, , 1.01.99 ERM-2. , : 7.46038 Danish crowns/euro 353.109 Greek drachma/ euro, 2,25% , 15%. . , : buy 7.29252, sell 7.62824. .
|
|
, . - . , . 1999 , , , , .
, , , . (ECU), ( 31 1998 ); , , , .
&*)
* & , ,
- ( , ), .
1. : 1,5 % .
2. , , , ) () 3%, , , ; b) 60%. , .
3. , . (long-term rates) 2% . , .
4. (ERM) EURO, , - -.
- 1998 , - .
/ | / | % | |||||
Germany | 1.6 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 62.0 | 62.5 | 6.1 |
France | 1,6 | 1.9 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 58.0 | 58.5 | 6.1 |
Italy | 2.2 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 124.3 | 121.5 | 8.6 |
Spain | 2.2 | 2.3 | 3.3 | 3,9 | 68.2 | 67.5 | 8.0 |
Netherlands | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 1,9 | 74.3 | 72.4 | 6.0 |
Belgium | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 127.0 | 123,5 | 6,3 |
Austria | 1.7 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 68.3 | 68.3 | 6.2 |
Finland | 1.1 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 58.6 | 57.0 | 7.9 |
Portugal | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 64.4 | 63.6 | 7.9 |
Ireland | 2.2 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 71.9 | 67.4 | 7.1 |
Luxemburg | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 8.8 | 9.2 | 6.3 |
- , 31 1998 .
, . REUTERS (RIC - Reuters Information Code), . RIC .
1 | |
1.95583 | |
6.55957 | |
1936.21 | |
166.386 | |
200.482 | |
5.94573 | |
0.787564 | |
/ | 40.3399 |
2.20371 | |
13.7603 |
, .
British Pound GBP
Canadian Dollar CAD
French Franc FRF
German Mark DEM
Italian Lira ITL
Japanese Yen JPY
United States Dollar USD
New Zealand Dollar NZD
Australian Dollar AUD
Belgian Franc BEF
Portuguese Escudo
Danish Krone DKK
Dutch Guilder NLG
Euro EUR
Singapore Dollar SGD
Finnish Mark FIM
Greek Drachma GRD
Spanish Peseta ESP
Hong Kong Dollar HKD
Swiss Franc CHF
Austrian Schilling ATS
Irish Punt IEP
DE | |
IT | |
FR | |
US | |
GB | |
JP | |
EU11 | 11 , (-) |