.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





, , . , , . , , , . -, , . , , . XIXII . , , , . , . - . . , , . , , . , . , , , , , , .

. , , . , ( ), . .

. : , , . , . . . , , . . , , ( ), - . , , , .

, , , . . , , 41, : ...Slave-labour interferes with the work of production by free-labour. It interferes in three ways: it causes the withdrawal of a number of men from production to supervision and national defense; it diffuses a general sentiment against manual labour and any form of concentrated activity; and more especially it drives free labourers out of the occupations in which the slaves are engaged. Just as, by Greshams law, bad coins drive out good, so it has been found by experience that, in any given occupation or range of occupations, slave-labour drives out free; so that it is even difficult to find recruits for the higher branches of an occupation if it is necessary for them to acquire skill by serving an apprenticeship side by side with slaves in the lower.

This leads to grave consequences; for the men driven out of these occupations are not themselves rich enough to live on the labour of slaves. They therefore tend to form an intermediate class of idlers who pick up a living as best they can the class known to modern economists as mean whites or white trash anf to students of Roman history as clientes or faex Romuli. Such class tends to emphasize both the social unrest and the military and agressive character of a slave-state....

A slave society is therefore a society divided sharply into three classes: masters, mean whites and slaves; and the middle class is an idle class, living on the community or on warfare, or on the upper.

But there is still another result. The general sentiment against productive work leads to a state of affairs in which the slaves tend to be the only producers and the occupations in which they are engaged the only industries of the country. In other words, the community will rely for its wealth upon occupations which themselves admit of no change or adaptation to circumstances, and which, unless they supply deficiencies of labour by breeding, are in perpetuel need of capital. But this capital cannot be found elsewhere in the community. It must therefore be sought abroad: and a slave community will tend, either to engage in agressive warfare, or to become indebted for capital to neighbours with a free-labour system...2).

. . , , , . , , . , , , , . , , , , , .

, , , . , 42. . XIXII . , , -. . . , , , , , . . , , . . , .

, .

, . , . , . , . , , , , . , 43.

, , , mare nostrum44. , . . , . ; . , , , . Linvasion de lIslam...eut, en effet, pour consequence de placer celles-ci dans des conditions qui navaient jamais existe depuis les premieres temps de lhistoire3)45. : , , .

, , . , , . .

. . , . , . , , , , , . , , , , . , , , . , , . .

, -- , , .

, . . , , . , , , - , . , , , . , . , , . , , , , . , , .





:


: 2015-05-06; !; : 847 |


:

:

- , 20 40 . - .
==> ...

1459 - | 1426 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.01 .