- .
** .
R-CH-COOH
NH2
¯
R-CH-COOH R-CH-COO- OH- R-CH-COO-
NH+3 NH3 NH2
.
( )
- -
q . R .
. + q - q . , . ()
**. u(OH)2 O
H2N HO-C
R-CH OH-Cu-OH- CH-R
C-OH NH2 -H2O
O
O
H2N O-C
R-CH CH CH-R
C-O
O NH2
** - .
O O H
H2N-CH-C + HNH CH-COOH H2N-CH-C-N-CH-COOH
R1 R2 -H2O R1 R2
.()
** -.. α-
O NH2 O
OH +R-CH-COOH R-C
OH -CO2 H
O O
O =N-
O O
- - . , , - .. N- .
O H O O H O
H2N-CH-C + H-N-CH-C H2N-CH-C-N-CH-CH-C
CH3 OH CH2OH OH -H2O CH3 CH3OH OH -.
N- ( . - .)
COOH- - - ..
R2 H
Cl N
C C2
O R2 H -
- N - - - -N , α- .
,-.
O O O-
-C-N- -C=N- C=N+-
H H H - ., - . - .
()
2- .:
1. - . , ()
2. - -
. :
1. N- . .:
O O
6H5CH2O-C ;(CH3)3COC
Cl N3
O O
H2N-CH-COOH+C6H5CH2O-C C6H5CH2OC-NH-CH-COOH
CH3 Cl -HCl CH3 O
2. , N- . .- PCl5, SOCl2, C2H5O-C
Cl
O O O
C6H5CH2OCNHCHCOOH+SOCl2C6H5CH2OCNHCHC + SO2 +HCl
CH3 CH3
3. - , - .
H2N-CH-COOH + C2H5OH F H2N-CH-COOC2H5+H2O
CH2OH CH2OH
4.
O O O CH3 O H
C6H5CH2OCNHCHC + HNHCHCOOC2H5C6H5CH2OCNHCHCNCHCOOC2H5
CH3 Cl CH2OH
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5-6. N .
O O O
6H5-CH2O-C-NH-CH-C-N-CH-C
CH3 CH2OH OC2H5
H2 P H2O,OH-
C6H5CH3 -C2H5OH
O H
H2N-CH-C-N-CH-COOH
CH3 CH2OH
()
. ..
O
H2Cl + HOOCCH-NH2 CH2OC-CH-NH2
R -HCl R
- ., α- .(-) N-N, N-N- .
O
-H2OCCH-NH2+HOOC-CH-NH + C6H5N=C=N-C6H11
R R ()
O O
CH2OCCH-NH-C-CHNH+C6H11NHC-NHC6H11
R R O
.3-.-, - . . ..
. . . .- - . .
.
** - .. .
. . .
.. . , . .
.N-C- .
N-. - ( )
C6H5N=C=S+H2NCHCNHCHCOOH
R1 O Rx n
S O
C6H5NHCNHCHCNHCHCOOH HCl .N-.
R1 Rx n
S
C O
6H5-N NH+H2N-CH-C-NH-CH-COOH
C-CH-R1 R2 Rx-1 n
O
1
. . .
N- .. 1--2,4-.
.- . : - ..
** - .
α- β-.
α- , 4- .
.() .3,6 .
Li ≈26
.5 (18 ) ...
- . .
β-- .. II , - . .
** . .v
. . .; .., ., .
** - - ..-, . . .
. (2)
-
CO2+yH2O+. (2)+2
(., ( 2 10 ( 10 .)
) .)
( )
1. . OH COH., .. .
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: O CH2OH
C C=O
H(CHOH)n
(CHOH)n CH2OH
CH2OH
2. .:
-
-
-
- .
3. .. Li-.
:
O O O
C C C
H H H
H-C-OH H-C-H H-C-OH
H-C-OH H-C-OH HO-C-H
H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
- 2--- -
O
C CH2OH
H C=O
H-C-OH H-C-OH
HO-C-H H-C-OH
HO-C-H CH2OH
CH2OH
Li- -
e:
O O O
1C C C
H H H
H2-C-OH HO2-C-H H-C-OH
HO3-C-H HO3-C-H HO3-C-H
H-C-OH H-C-OH HO4-C-H
H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
- - -
CH2OH
C=O
HO-C-H
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
CH2OH
-
. ()
-1
-2
-3
-4
. 1 .
- N=2n
n=4, N=16
, .. . Li- - . ( )
Li- , .
O O O
C C C
H H H
H-C-OH H-C*-OH HO-C*-H O
CH2OH HO-C*-H H-C*-OH C
H-C*-OH HO-C*-H H
H-C*-OH HO-C*-H HO-C-H
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
- - Li- Li
- Li-
-.
2- , - , α .. .
-
(- -)
- .. - - (-)
O OH
R-C + ROH+ FR-C-OR
H H
O
H
H-C-OH
HO-C-H
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
CH2OH
. - . α-o OH . CH, C5 -.
. OH 5, - . - , OH , - . - .
- - , - . .
α- - .
HO H H OH
C* O C*
H-C-OH C H-C-OH
HO-C-H O H HO-C-H O
H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH
C HO-C-H C
CH2OH H-C-OH CH2OH
H-C-OH
CH2OH
β- α-
β-- α--
HO H H OH
C C
H-C-OH H-C-OH
HO-C-H O HO-C-H O
H-C H-C
H-C-OH H-C-OH
CH2OH CH2OH
β-- α--
: -
. ..
O O
H2OH CH2OH
H H O H H H O OH
OH OH H OH OH OH H H
H OH H OH
α-- β--
CH2OH CH2OH
CHOH O OH CHOH O H
H H
H OH
OH H OH H
H OH H OH
β-- α--
. ., - - 5- .(1- ,2-,2-)
- - .
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.
- - β-.