COOH COOH COOH
COOH
COOH
COOH
() () ()
: **
** 2, V2O5
: 2- - COOH
( . - )
O
l to C
OH -HCl O
C C
O O
to .
.
-2
-
+
= - - - -
-
.
. 2 .
: )
--l - , - : HCl CO2, .
R-C-Cl
)
Cl-C-Cl
2+l h ¯ l2 - . .
+ 2+Cl
O - ., .
O +ROH (1 ) Cl-C-OR
O
Cl-C-Cl +ROH (2 ) R-C-OR
O
+2NH3 NH2-C-NH2
+2Cl
)
HO-C-NH2 -- , -.
O .- .
O CH3 O ()
--2--2---NH2 2 -2--1,3
NH2 CH2CH2CH3
)
HN2-C-NH2
O
: CO2+2NH3 t,PCO(NH2)2+H2O
: ** :
NO3¯
**
CO(NH2)2+HOHCO2+NH2
** . -:
1. O
H2N-C-NH2+RCl NH2-C-NH-R
-HCl
O
2.
O O O O
R-C + H2N-C-NH2 R-C-NH-C-NH2
Cl -HCl
N- -.
(-α- -)
CH3 O
H3C-CH-CH-C
Br NH-C-NH2
O
**
H2N-C-NH2+HNO2 CO2+N2+H2O
O . ..
**
H2N-CNH2+NaOBrCO2+N2+H2O+NaBr
O
**
H2NCNH2+HNCNH2 toH2NCNHCNH2
O H O O O
Cu+2 - ( ; )
H2N H2N NH2
C=O C-O O=C
2 NH + Cu(OH)2 N Cu N
C=O C=O O-C
H2N H2N N2H
**
|
|
O O
H2N-C-NH2+Cl-CH2-C H2N-C-NH-CH2-C + HCl
O OH O OH
-
- ()- .
H2N-C-NH2+HCl H2N-C+-NH2 Cl-‑
NH NH2
-: , , .: .
-SO3H
* R-SO3H
* Al-SO3H
: )
-
-
)
-
R-J+(NH2)2SO3 R-SO3NH4+ NH4J
K2SO3 / Na2SO3
: . , 3- ..
O -1/3
R S O -1/3
O -1/3
O
R-S-Cl
O
()
1.
hO
RH+SO2+Cl2 R-SO2Cl
-HCl
2. RSO3H+PCl5 RSO2Cl+POCl3+HCl
O O
R-S-OH+ROH R-S-OR + H2O
O O
O O R
R-S-NH2 R-S-I
O O R
RSO3H+H2O RH+H2SO4(. .. )
ArSO3H +NaOH ArSO3Na NaOH ArONa HOH ArOH()
-H2O CH,to
Na NaNH2 NaHS,to
ArCN ArNH2 Ar-SH
...
., ..
:
.
** (2-)
H2-CH2 ( )
NH2 OH
** ( 2 ) .
HO-CH2-CH2N-(CH3)3
** ()
O
H3C-C-O-CH2N+(CH3)3
**
HO- CH2CH2NH2
HO-
**
- CHCH2NH2
OH- OH
**
HO- CHCH2NH2CH3
OH-
:
, ,
.
NH2
OH OC2H5
C2H5OHOH
-H2O
NH2 NH2
(CH3CO)2 +(CH3CO)2O
OC2H5
+C2H5OH
NHCOCH3 NHCOCH3
..- ., ., . ..
: *
- .
- .
- .
* Hal COOH
: -.:γ, β, α .. γ β α
R-CH2-CH2-CH-COOH
CH3
-.: COOH
Cl
O-
: 1. α- .- --
2. β- Hal H α, β ..-.
: 1. COOH
- - , .-, .. Hal J, , Hal, α>β>γ
. Hal, -
- .Sn
Hal, ., ..
|
|
2. Hal Sn2
+NH3 R-CH-COOH
-NH4Cl NH2
R-CH-COOH
Cl OH O
+2NaOH R-CH-C
ONa
. Sn . Hal , .
-
()
()
: ** (2-) 2-
** (2-)
α-, -)
3--COOH
OH
:
** ()
HOOC-CH-CH2-COOH
CH
** (2,3- )
HOOC-CH-CH-COOH
OH OH
: ** (2- -1,2,3-.-)
OH
HOOC-CH2-C-CH2COOH -.
COOH
: * Hal.-(α,β,γ)
*
O α
R-C HCN R-CH-CaN H2O R-CH-COOH
H OH OH
* α,β .-
* -.
: 1. COOH.
2. OH.
.-: Sn (HCl, PCl3,SOCl2, , , )
3. -:
..
** α- . .
O O
R CH - C R-CH-C
HO OH to O O
OH HO -2H2O C CH-R
C-CH O
O R
** β- α,β- -
R-CH2 -CH-CH-COOH to R-CH2-CH=CH-COOH
OH H -H2O
** γ- to- ..-.
H2C-CH2 H2C-CH2
R-CH C=O to R-CH C=O
HO OH -H2O O
** α-.
to H2NO3() 1, 2, . -, α- .
O-H O
R-C-COOH to, H2SO4(k) HCOOH + R-C
H CO H2O H
COOH
CH2 COOH to, H2SO4(k) HCOOH + COOH to CH3
C CO H2O CH2 -2CO2 C=O
CH2 OH C=O CH3
COOH CH2
COOH
-.
()
COOH -.
-.
OH
COOH
OH -.
HO OH 3,4,5- -.
CH=CH-COOH
OH
: ** , . .
** ( -)
ONa O O OH OH
+ C+ H COONa +HCl COOH
O COONa
: 1. COOH.
2. .
3. - .SE
COOH COOH COOH
OH + HNO3(k) H2SO4 (k) OH + OH
-H2O NO2 NO2
4.
COOH OH
OH to
COOH
to
-CO2
HO OH OH HO OH OH