X .
l: X → R , , .
, " x1, x2 Î X " α Î R
l(x1 + x2) = l(x1) + l(x2), l(αx1) = α l(x1).
1. (), X,
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l = θ l(x) , "x Î X l(x) = 0.
X X*.
2. X X* .
e1, e2, , en Xn.
|
li = l(ei) () l(x) e1, e2, , en.
l(x) =
=
. |
.
e1, e2, , en f1, f2, , fn, C = (cik)
fi =
. |
l'i =
, |
l'i f1, f2, , fn.
:
f = e C Þ l' = C l.
, , C. C − 1.
( ) . .
, n = 3 l1x + l2y + l3z = 0 , .
¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ***¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
X .
b(x,y), X × X → R, , , .. " x, y, z Î X " α, β Î R
b(α x + β y, z) = α b(x, z) + β b(y, z); |
b(x, α y + β z) = α b(x, y) + β b(x, z). |
, " x, y Î X b(x, y) = b(y, x).
e1, e2, , en Xn. " x,y Î Xn
x =
, y =
.
|
bij = b(ei, ej). b(x, y) , :
b(x, y) = b
=
=
. |
n B = (bij) .
X Y x y, :
b(x,y) = XT B Y. |
.
Xn e1, e2, , en f1, f2, , fn C = (cik)
fi =
. |
B e B f b(x,y) e1, e2, , en f1, f2, , fn .
Bf = CT Be C. |
.
- .
- , .
¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ***¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
http://www.academiaxxi.ru/WWW_Books/HM/La/12/02/t.htm
F, n x1,x2, ,xn
F = a11 x12 + 2a12 x1 x2 + a22 x22 + + ann xn2 =
, |
aij = aji (i,j = 1, ,n) .
A = (aij) (i,j = 1, ,n) F.
x1, x2, , xn x e1, e2, , en n , A
^ |
A |
.
i,j= 1n∑ aij xi xj = (
x, x). |
, x = i= 1n∑ xi ei y =
^ |
A |
x. i yi = (
^ |
A |
x)i = j= 1n∑ aijxj. ,
(
x, x) = i= 1n∑ xi yi = i,j= 1n∑ aij xi xj = F |
, , , .
, F
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, (1) .
f1, f2, , fn, λ1, λ2, , λn ( ). f1, f2, , fn x1', x2', , xn' .
. , .
. F = i,j= 1n∑ aij xi xj .
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. ( ) V2 j, , .
.
Rg A = n, .
Rg A<n, .
) ;
) .
.
(.. ).
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