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CXHY  
()      
     
() CH4; CH3CHCH3 | CH3     ()   CH3 ; CH3  
     
CH2=CH2; CH3C=CH2 ½ 3   HCºCH; CH3CH-CºCH | CH3 CH2 / \ H2C CH2; H2CCHCH3 | | H2CCH2    
  CH2=C=CH2; CH2=CCH=CH2 | CH3      

() .

()

 

    , sp3 σ-
      CnH2n+2 (n ³ 1)
      ( )  
    CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3(CH2)2CH3 CH3(CH2)3CH3 CH3(CH2)4CH3 CH3(CH2)5CH3 CH3(CH2)6CH3 CH3(CH2)7CH3 CH3(CH2)8CH3 CH3(CH2)9CH3 CH3(CH2)10CH3     CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH2(CH2)2CH3 CH2(CH2)3CH3 CH2(CH2)4CH3 CH2(CH2)5CH3 CH2(CH2)6CH3 CH2(CH2)7CH3 CH2(CH2)8CH3 CH2(CH2)9CH3 CH2(CH2)10CH3    
    4 n ≥ 4    
  -     0,154 (1 = 10-9 )  
           
( n=4) C4H10:   CH3CH2CH2CH3 .   CH3CHCH3 | CH3 ()   C5H12:   CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 .   CH3CHCH2CH3 | CH3 ()   CH3 | CH3CCH3 - | CH3 C10H22: 1 2 3 4 5 6 CH3CHCHCH2CHCH3 | | | CH3 C2H5 CH3 2,5--3- ( c n=3) C3H7: CH2CH2CH3   CHCH3 | CH3 C4H9:   CH2CH2CH2CH3   CH2CHCH3 | CH3   CH3CHCH2CH3 - |   CH3 | CCH3 - | CH3 C5H11   CH2CH2CHCH3 | CH3
         

 

 

CH4 C4H10 C5H12 C15H32 16H34

( ) ( ) ( )

T. T. .

.

 

. :

RH + XY RX + HY

 

,    
I. 1. ( -). - Hv CH4+Cl2 CH3Cl - HCl   hv CH4+2Cl2 CH2Cl2 - 2HCl   hv CH4+3Cl2 CHCl3 () - 3HCl hv CH4+4Cl2 CCl4 ( - 4HCl )
2. ( ).   CH3 CH3 | -140C | CH3CHCH2CH3 + HONO2 CH3CCH2CH3 (.) -H2O | NO2 2--2- ( .)
3. ( ) CH3 T | CH3CH2CH2CH3+HOSO3H CH3CH2CHSO3H (.) - H2O 2- (-2-)  
II. 1. () T CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O T 2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O
2. ( - ) , . C2H6 + O2 CH3CHO + H2O , . 2CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 5O2 4CH3COOH + 2H2O
3. KMn4  
  III. ( -)   : ~ 1000 2CH4 3H2 + HCºCH ~ 1200 CH4 C + 2H2 : Cr2O3, ~600 CH3CH2CH3 H2 + CH3CH=CH2
IV. ( ) ~800 CH3CH2CH3 CH4 + CH2=CH2 C6H14 C2H6 + CH3CH2CH=CH2 . -1
V. Pt, 300 CH3(H2)4CH3 C6H6 + 4H2 .
VI. , . CH3(CH2)3CH3 CH3CHCH2CH3 . | CH3

 

 

1. 4 80 98 .
2. Al4C3 + 12H2O 3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3
1. , . CnH2n + H2 CnH2n+2   , . CnH2n-2 + 2H2 CnH2n+2
2. 2CnH2n+1Hal + 2Na CmH2m+2 (m = 2n) - 2NaHal : 2CH3Br + 2Na C2H6 + 2NaBr     +Na CH3Cl +C2H5Cl C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 -NaCl
1. - 4 CnH2n+1COONa + NaOH CnH2n+2 + Na2CO3 (.) (.)   : T CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3
2. ( + 2) , . nCO + (2n + 1)H2 CnH2n+2 + nH2O

 

( 1634 ) ( , . .). . , .

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