.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





= - lg [H+] [H+] = 10-7 /. < 7 .

(IBC), , I0 - 5577 0 n = 1 109 /(2. )

ISO ( 4512) . E.t - ()

, I0 = 1018 . nmax = 9

. 0 = 2,54.10-6 () 0 = 2,48.10-8 /2 ()

, I0 + 10-12 /2 1

 

 

, ( , 1000 ). () Au Ag Cu , , .

 

 

           
           
           

 

1 = 96 . .

750, 583, 375, 18 14 , 10 12 . 900 . - 20 40 % . () 2400 .

0,0001 0,001 . 0,13 . ,

10 . . 2 , . 10 /.

(1 N3 3:1)

H2SeO4 130 , NaCN, KCN, Ca(CN)2.

 

3 4.10-4%. 1896 . (), 1935 . U-238 (99,3 %) U- 235 (0,7 %) (); U- 234 (0,0057 %) 1939 . - ( ). 1935 . . . , U- 235, ., . . .

: ( UF6, 56,50) 1,001 1,25. 3 ( ) 95 ( ) % .

() . 150 175 0. 70 % , U3O8. 5 /. 1 1,5 / 1,125 .

- ( ) . 100 . 5 400 0.

 

 

26 .


3

 

  - - * ** ... -1 ***
  1     107   0,10197   0,23889   9,8689 10-3   2,7778 10-7   6,2419 1018   7,2429 1022   1,1126. 10-17   6,7009 109   5,034 1022   1,5092 1033
  1   10-7     1,0197 10-8   2,3889 10-8   9,8689 10-10   2,7778 10-14   6,2419 1011   7,2429 1015   1,1126. 10-24   6,7009 102   5,034 1015   1,5092. 1026
  1     9,8068   9,8068 107     2,3427   9,6781 10-2   2,724 10-6   6,1205 1019   7,103 1023   1,0911 10-16   6,5714 1010   4,9368 1023   1,48 1034
  1     4,186027   4,186 107   4,2686 10-1     4,1311 10-2   1,1628 10-6   2,6126 1019   3,0319 1023   4,6576 10-17   2,805 1010   2,1072 1023   6,3174 1033
  1-   1,0133 102   1,0113 109   1,0333 101   2,4207 101     2,815 10-5   6,325 1020   7,3391 1024   1,1274 10 -15   6,79 1011   5,1 1024   1,5292 1035
  1-     3,6 106   3,6 1013   3,6711 105   8,5999 105   3,5524 104     2,25 1025   2,6074 1029   4,0055 10 -11   2,4123 10 16   1,8122 1029   5,433 1039
  1     1,6021 10-19   1,602 10-12   1,6338 10-20   3,8276 10-20   1,581 10-21   4,4444 10-26     1,1604 104   1,7825 10-36   1,0735 10-9   8,0649 103   2,4178 1014
  1*     1,3807 10-23   1,3807 10-16   1,4078 10-24   3,2983 10-24   1,3626 10-25   3,8352 10-30   8,6179 10-5     1.5362 10-40   9,2517 10-14   0,6950304   2,0836 1010
  1**   8,9875 1016   8,9875 1023   9,1651 1015   2,1470 1016   8,8697 1014   2,4966 1010   5,61 1035   6,5096 1039     6,0225 10 26   4,5244 1039   1,3564 1050
  1...   1,492 10-10   1,492 10-3   1,5217 10-11   3,5651 10-11   1,4727 10-12   4,1454 10-17   9,315 108   1,0809 1013   1.6604 10-27     7,5125 1012   2,2522 1023
  1-1   1,9865 10-23   1,9865 10-16   2,0256 10-24   4,7456 10-24   1.9608 10-25   5,5182 10-30   1,24 10-4   1,438785   2,2102 10-40   1,3311 10-13     2,9979 1010
  1***   6,626 10-34   6,626 10-27   6,7567 10-35   1,5829 10 34   6,5394 10-36   1.8406 10-40   4,136 10-15   4.7994 10-11   7,3725 10-51   4,4401 10-24   3,3357 10-11  

 

* 1 = 1 -1 λ-1 = /hc k = 1,38.10 -16 / ** 1 = m2 ***1 ν = /h

2 = 8,988.1018 2/ 2 h = 6,625. 10 -34 . hc = 1,986.10 -25 . 1 . = 75 / = 735,5

1 - = 1,3596 - 1 = 1,58112.10-3 - 1 = 3,7037.10-6 -

1 ... = 2,931.1010 1 () = 4.2.1012 .

1 ... = 1, 492441845. 10 -10 . 1 = 96,3.103 / = 23,06.103 /

1 (Rs) = 3 -

 

.

1 = 0,1 1 = 10 =1/12 1 = 1/7 = 12 = 0,3048 = 6,85714 1 = 3 =1/500 = 100 = 7 = 2,1336 1 = 16 = 28 = 1/3 = 0,7112 1 = 1/16 = 17,5 = 4,445 1 = 10 = 2,54 1 = 0, 000833333 = 0, 254 1 = 7 = 7467.6 1 = 500 = 1, 06680 1 = 0,9144 1 = 1/1000 = 25,4 1 = 1,00208 * 10-3 1 = 20.1168 1 = 0.9144 1 = 0.3048 1 = 25.4 1 = 25.4 1 . = 2240 = 1016.05 1 = 2000 = 907.185 1 = 50.8023 1 = 45.3592 1 = 14.5939 1 = 0.453592 1 = 0.373242 1 = 28.3495 1 = 31. 1035 1 = 3.88793 1 . = 1.77185 1 = 59,3 1 = 7,47 1 = 1,87 1 () = 8,4  
1 = 2400 . = 1,0925
1 = 40 = 3840 =16,380496 1 = 1/40 = 409,51 1 = 1/32 = 12,797 1 = 1/3 = 4,266 1 = 10 = 16 = 20 =12.299 1 = 8 = 0.2099 3 1 = 8 = 26. 2387 1 = 10 1 = 40 = 16.380496 1 = 32 = 96 1 = 3 = 12, 797263 1 = 96 = 4,2657543 1 = 44. 43494

 

( 80 ).

( 32 F; 212 F, 180 ).

( , 0 F = 459,67 ; 0 = 491,67 ; 100 = 671,67 ; 0 ).

(-) = 16 = 7 = 453,5924277 .

() = 1/40 = 409,51 .

= 3 = 12 = 30,48 .

= 2,54

1 . = 2 589 990 2 1 . = 645.16 2 1 = 506.708 2

1 - = 1233.49 3 1 = 2.83168 3

1 = 158.988 1 = 115.628

1 . = 36.3687 1 = 35.239

1 . = 4.54609 1 = 3.78541

1 = 4.40488 1 = 0.946353

 

.

1 . . = 1.05506

1 . . = 1.05435

.

1 . . = 2.32601 /

.

1 . . - = 4.1868 /.

.

1 . . - = 1.73073 /(.)

. 1 = 10-26 / (2. )

 

580 . 1388 . 1481 ( 1482 ). () 1524 . ( ) 1609,344 . 1852 (10 ). 1853,184 . 1920 . () 7420,44 . 7467,60 . 217,6 . 176 (175,6) . 142,4 (142,1) . 230,4 (258; 209) . 186,4 . 150,8 (150,5) . 244 . 197,4 (159,7; 258,4).  

 

 


 

1 = 3,11.107 (@ π.107 ) 1 . = 101,3 ; 1 = 4,18 ; 1... = 1,66056.10-24 = 931,5
1 () = 9,81 1 .. = 735,499 = 75 / 1 = 3,7.1010
1 (.) = 9,80665.104 1 (.) = 1,013250.105 1 psi = 703,070 /2
1 = 101,3 = 760 . c. 1 = 105 1 = 0,1 1 = 1 1 = 1 ... = 133,322 1 . . = 9,81
1 () = 6,025.1023 . 1 = hνN, . . 1 () = 3,7.103 /3 1 () = 1 /10 = 10-9 -2 1 = (1 /2)/
  1 = (1/3).10-9 / 1 = 10-9 3
1 = 1,34.103 /3 1 = 2.10-4 1 = 100 -1
1 = 9,80665 1 = 9,80665 1 = 1/2
  1 = 104 2 1 =10-3 (/n)
1 = log2(f2//f1), f2/f1=2 1 = lg (f2/ f1), f2/f1=10 1 () = 0,5 ln (2//1) (2/1) = 2
1 /(.2) = 1,163 /(2.) 1 = 10-28 2 1 ()= lg (2/1) (2/1) = 10
1 /(2 ) = 7,0. 10-4 1 = (1/3).104 1 =1
1 F () = 9,648456.104 1 = 210 = 1024 1 = 1024 1 - = 2,648.106
1 = 4,1868.106 1 = 1 /2 1 = 3,34.1030 .
1 () = (1/4π).103 / = =79,5775 / 1 γ () = 10-5 = 7,95775.10-4 / 1 (. ) = 3,33.10-10
1 ()= 106 1 /c = 100 / 1 = 2,58.10-4 /
1 / = 2,58.10-4 / 1/2 = 103 /( 2.) 1 F () = 10-15
1 F ()= 10-15 10 () = 10-10 1 () = 3,0857.1016
1 . = 9,4605.1015 1 (-.) = 1,00206.10-13  
1 () = 10-8 1 = 10 4  
1 . = 10 1 () =10-4 2/ 1 /... = 1,9.1013 /
1 . = 1,36 1 = 103 1 = 110,25
1 = 3,05.10-4 1γ () = 10-9 1 = 1,75.10-2
1` = 2,91.10-4 1`` = 4,85.10-6 1 = 0,9 .
1 .2/ = 10-6 . 1 = 10-4 1 () = (10/4π) = 0,795775
1 . . = 29,3 () = 7.103 1 . . = 27,3-28,3 = 6500-6750 (.) 1 . . . = 3,6.10-8 . . .
1 - = 3,6.106 = 0,12276 . . = 0,8598 1 = 4,2.1012 = 1,17.106 - = 1,43.102 . . . 1(/2.) = 1,16 /2
1 = 683 1 . . = 0,735 1 = 9,81.10-3

 


 

, , , IP , S , τ,
Q Le Lμ Lτ B T Tz
γ               - - -    
    +1       1/2 - - -    
      +1     1/2 - - -    
        +1   1/2 - - -    
0,511 -1 +1       1/2+ - - -    
105,66 -1   +1     1/2+ - - - 2,2.10-6
        +1   1/2+ - - - 3,5.10-12
- , (u + d ) 135,0       0-       0,8.10-16 γγ
(d ),(u ) 139,6 -1     0-   +1   2,6.10-8
- (u ),(s ) 493,8 +1     0- 1/2 +1/2 +1 1,2.10-8
(d ),(s ) 497,8       0- 1/2 -1/2 -1 5,8.10-8
- (u + s )         0-       2,4.10-19
- (d + s )                 ~10-19
(uud) 938,26 +1   +1 1/2+ 1/2 +1/2     -
(udd) 939,55     +1 1/2+ 1/2 -1/2   0,93.10-3
- (uds)??? 1115,6     +1 1/2+     -1 2,5.10-10
- (uus) 1189,4 +1   +1 1/2+   +1 -1 0,8.10-10
(uds)??? 1198,5     +1 1/2+     -1 < 10-14
(dss) 1197,4 -1   +1 1/2+   -1 -1 1,5.10-10
- (uss) 1314,9     +1 1/2+ 1/2 +1/2 -2 3.10-10
(dss) 1321,3 -1   +1 1/2+ 1/2 -1/2 -2 1,7.10-10
- (sss)   -1   +1 3/2+     -3 1,3.10-10

 

 

Q B T Tz S C b t ,
uα up, 2/3 1/3 1/2 1/2          
dα down, -1/3 1/3 1/2 -1/2          
sα strange, -1/3 1/3     -1        
cα charm, 2/3 1/3              
bα beauty, -1/3 1/3              
tα truth, 2/3 1/3             >45 000

Q ( ), B , T (), Tz , S , C (), b , t , α = 1,2,3 - .

 

 

 

, , -  
 
L, s, l, d / (2)   -2-1  
S 2 / (22)   -2 -2  
t c n -1  
(.) a, j . λ  
  V 3   k  
u -1 r -3  
-2 , [H] F, Q -2  
g -2 - -1  
w -1   -1    
e c-2 [] -1-2  
, [] A, E, U 2c-2  
[] n c-1 [] N 2c-3  
. -1 w c-1 - 2c-2  
- J 2 m  
- L 2c-1 .-2-1  
G .-2-1-1 k .-2  
(. ) f .-2-2-1 .   .-2 -1  
                 
G .-2-1 kc .-2-2  
- m %,    
 
[] Q 2c-2 -1 α -1  
[] N 2c-3 /K λ c-3-1  
./4 -4   D 2 -1  
  -1 -3 -2c-1  
[/] 2 c-2-1 2/ a 2/  
- 2c-2-1 /2 q c-3  
- m 2c-2 -1-1 /K S 2c-2-1  
, / 2 s c-2 , / λ, L 2c-2  
/3   /3  
        %,    
 
n, n [] [] h -1-1  
, n -3 2/ D 2/  
r -3 /    
-3 , m /  
H [/]          
 
[] R, r 2-2-3 ; -1-3  
G 23-1-2 [/] t, r Ac-1  
[A] I A . [/2] s, rs Ac-2  
a [] 24-1-2 . [/3] rv Ac-3  
[] q - [] Ac  
/2   /2          
. - [] r 3-2-3 [/] e0 24-3-1  
        . e    
23-1-3 [] 2c-3  
j A-2 [] Q 2-3  
, , [] U, j, e 2-1-3 - [·] S 2-3  
( ) .-2 D ..-2 ()   -1  
( ) .-3   .-3 ( ) .-1   2.-3  
- , m 2-1          
 
[] -1-2 [] L 2A-2-2
Idl . [] W 2c-2
, [] , y 2 -1-2 . [/3]   -1c-2
[A/] H [A/] [/] m0 A-2-2
A pm A24 -1-3 (. ) .   .2.-3
(. ) .   .2.-1 . m = 1 + c
        . c  
 
u, u -1        
[] -1-2 - [ͷ/] R -1
[/2] I c-3 - [/3] Za, Ra -4-1
- () [/2] c-3 (/). . 3-1-3
 
[] 2c-3 () [/2] R c-3
[/2]   4c-3        
[/] Pl c-3 [/3]; [/2]; [/2] El, En, Ew, -1c-3
[] W 2c-2 [/2] L c-3 -1
[/] Wl c-2 [/2] c-2
[/] I 2 c-3-1 D -1
()     /(2. ) ( ) /2   /-3
  /2., /2.   /2., /2.
 
[]   [/2] R  
C [/] l   []  
- [.] Q   ()   L, B /2
        - [] H  
C - [/] Ql   %
, I , cd -1 -1
, ., str Ω -1 R -1
  , -1    
V(l) V(l)     /
a      
 
Δm [] Gy 2c-2
. [] e Ac [/] Z 2c-2
[] . 2c-2 [/] X, Sv -1
c , t, 1/2 -    
s 2 , () -1 a -1
[] Bq c-1 -1 a -1
, -1-1,     , 2    
                                                 

 

 


4

1 - , , , 1 2×10-7

1 - , 1 1 1 ; 1 - , 1 1 2 1 ×.

1 /2 , D 1 1 2, , ; 1 / / .

1 / - 1/ ; , 2 1 .

1 / = 1 / - , 1 1 .

()

1 - , 1 1 .

 

()

1 - , 1 / 1; 1 , 1 .





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