- . . - , - .
1923 . . . , - : + . , , , . .
- . , , , , , , . , - , : 1 + 2 2 + 1. , . , : H2O + H H3, , : NH3 + H2O NH4 + OH. " " " " H+ (). - ( ), , . HClO4 ↔ H+ + ClO4;H2O↔ H+ + OH;NH4+ ↔ H+ + NH3;H3PO4 ↔ H+ + HPO42;[Al(H2O)6]3+ ↔ H+ + [Al(H2O)5OH]2+.
- , ( ). NH3 + H+ ↔ NH4+;OH + H+ ↔ H2O;HPO42 + H+ ↔ H2PO4;[Al(H2O)5OH]2+ + H+ ↔ [Al(H2O)6]3+. - . -, , , . , .- + .HCI + NH3 GCI- + NH4+1 2 1 2 - . HA + B G A- + BH+1 2 1 2- ""/"":HA/A HB+/ -1 HA 1A. -2B 2HB+. - + + . - ! . : , , .
|
|
, ,
, 1 . : [2] = [+] [-] (1.5) (1.5) , . , 25
(1.6) |
[H+] = [OH-] = 1×10-7 M. [OH-]
(1.7) |
[+]
(1.8) |
. , - , ( ) , "".
-lg[H+] = pH | (1.9) |
-lg[OH-] = pOH | (1.10) |
+ = = 14 | (1.11) |
() (),
:
pH=-lg[ H+ ]; -=-lg[ OH-]; + =14
/
/;
/;
α- ;
n - , .