1. If scientists use the new methods, they will have better results.
2. If computers had not been worked out, many important problems might not have been solved.
3. It would be impossible to raise the output without installing the new equipment.
IV. 1- 4- . 1, 2, 3 4-.
1. the national economy -
2. to draw up ()
3. to implement
4. key industries -
THE LAND OF SCIENTISTS
1. Scientific progress in the Soviet Union is determined by economic and cultural development. The socialist system provides the most favourable conditions for the development of science. Soviet scientists are known to be making a great contribution to the development of the country.
2. The advanced socialist society is based on a planned economic development. Unemployment,' crisis and inflation have been eliminated. The Communist Party and the Soviet Government have created favourable conditions for scientific development. Like all other sectors of the national economy1, science is developing according to a state plan, research being done at well-equipped institutions.
3. Soviet scientists have been actively participating in drawingup2 and implementing3 the five-year economic development plans. They helped to build the country's key industries4 and to train skilled personnel for all sectors of the national economy. Only socialism affords the possibility of utilizing scientific advances for the benefit of people.
4. The results of the five-year plans are convincing evidence of the steady rate of Soviet economic, scientific and cultural development. The scientific research made it possible to carry out important economic tasks. The newest equipment and devices are envisaged to be put into operation more rapidly.
5. During the current five-year period new machines and instruments will go into mass production twice as many as during the previous period. Improved production processes will also be introduced.
V. 5- :
What will go into mass production during the current five-year period?
7
I. . , (. 1).
1. We expect our country's productive forces to raise to a qualitatively new stage during the current five-year period.
2. The Soviet Union is known to possess rich mineral resources.
3. The new method to be introduced at our plant will boost labour productivity.
II. . () (. 2).
1. Soviet specialists, having much experience in housing construction, help the developing states. -
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2. Having applied the latest achievements of science and technology, we could improve the production quality.
3. The scientist has made a number of experiments, some, of them being very important for our work.
III. . , .
1. If our country's scientific potential had not been increased, the living standards of the population would not have improved.
2. If this new device is applied, the process of production will be simplified.
3. It would be impossible to increase the real wages of Soviet people without raising labour productivity.
IV. 1- 3- . 1, 2, 3- .
1. welding
2. reclamation of deserts
3. production association -
SCIENCE AS A PRODUCTIVE FORCE
1. The USSR Academy of Sciences is known to be the main centre of fundamental research. It coordinates the work of the Soviet scientists in all spheres of research. Millions of scientific workers from the National Academies of Sciences take an active part in the development of science.
2. Good results have been achieved by Ukrainian specialists inwelding1 and cybernetics, by Armenian physicists, by Georgian scientists in mechanics, by Turkmen specialists in the reclamation of deserts2 and so on. The work of hundreds of research institutions and laboratories is coordinated by the USSR Academy of Sciences. We know many scientific workers to be engaged in there search and in the technological organisation of different branches of the economy.
3. Scientific technological revolution has brought some changes in the organizational structure of Soviet science, with regional scientific centres playing an increasing role. These centres accelerate the application of the results of research for particular branches of economy.
4. The organization of research and production associations3has led to the development of the industrial sector of science. Nation-wide programmes are being worked out and implemented both in production and in science. Thus science is becoming a productive force of society.
V. 4- :
What is becoming a productive force of society?
8
I. . , (. 1).
1. Reconstruction of those plants was supposed to take four years.
2. We know planned economic development to be one of socialism's advantages over capitalism.
3. The young scientist was the first to apply this invention.
II. . () (. 2).
1. The new Programme of the CPSU provides for a rapid development of our national economy, special attention being paid to the all-round mechanization of production processes.
2. While increasing the output, we must not forget the task of improving the production quality.
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3. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance () is the organization helping the socialist countries to develop their economic relations.
III. . , (. 3).
1. If this device is installed, the production process will be simplified.
2. If the plant had introduced the latest achievements of science and technology, it would have increased labour productivity.
3. It would be impossible to simplify the production process without applying this device.
IV. 1- 4- . 1,2,3 4- .
1. manpower resources
2. full employment
3. incontestable advantages
4. to mould
5. creative initiative
6. to give hope
RATIONAL UTILIZATION OF MANPOWER RESOURCES
1. Today the rational utilization of manpower resources1 is known to be an important factor.
2. The most important tasks in this connection are an increase in labour productivity and provision of all the country's sectors and economic regions with an adequate labour force. The successful fulfilment of these tasks became possible thanks to the planned balanced development of social production, which allows to control manpower resources effectively.
3. We know the Communist Party and the Soviet Government to pay particular attention to the social tasks involved in the rational utilization of manpower resources, above all, to ensuring fullemployment2 of the population.
Full employment is only possible in socialist society, this being one of its incontestable advantages3 over capitalist society.
4. The USSR has attained the highest level of population employment. Labour has acquired new features. A new type of worker has been moulded.4 Today every worker must be responsible for raising labour productivity, for the development of the rationalisation movement. The creative initiative5 of the working people has become a powerful factor of economic development.
5. The successes achieved by the country in raising labour productivity and in building up an army of highly skilled workers and experts, give hope6 for still greater progress in the utilization of manpower resources, thus creating a major prerequisite for dynamic economic development and a further rise in the people's well-being.
V. 5- :
What gives hope for greater progress in the utilization of manpower resources?
9
I. . , (. 1).
1. The importance of chemistry for all sciences is known to be growing rapidly.
2. This question will be discussed at the conference to be held in Leningrad.
3. We expect this young scientist's work to lead to a new discovery in the field of optics.
II. . (. 2).
1. The new equipment having been installed, the plant could increase its output.
2. Applying this method our plant could achieve a greater volume of production.
3. The main economic task facing Soviet agriculture today is to increase the efficiency of production.
III. . , (. 3).
1. If mechanization is introduced, the plant will produce more goods of high quality.
2. If automation had not been applied, labour productivity of jour shop would not have grown.
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3. It would be impossible to build a developed socialist society without the planned development of the economy.
IV. J- 4- . 1,2,3 4- .
1. member-country
2. to stem from
3. paramount
4. body -
PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT
1. The prospects for the further development of economic, scientific and technical relations among the CMEA member-countries1 during the 1980s have been defined by the tasks of building socialism and communism. These tasks stem from2 the decisions of the recent Congresses of the Communist and Workers' Parties in those countries.
2. All the meetings of the CMEA sessions have outlined the measures for further cooperation particularly in the field of production, science and technology. The cooperation between the CMEA countries in science and technology is sure to remainparamount.3
3. The CMEA member-countries are cooperating in solving major scientific and technical problems, this cooperation promoting their scientific and technological progress. Basically new technical principles will be introduced in production.
4. Socialist economic integration opens new possibilities for intensifying production and accelerating the process of structural changes in the economy. It ensures a further rise in the material and cultural standards of the population of the CMEA member-countries.
5. We expect the CMEA bodies4 to direct all their activities to further extending and improving cooperation among the CMEA member-countries. The success of these activities is guaranteed by the many-year experience of cooperation among the CMEA member-countries.
V. 5- :
What is the success of the CMEA member-countries guaranteed by?
10
I. . , (. 1).
1. The symposium to be held in Moscow deals with such matters as planning, price formation and financing.
2. Socialist economic integration is known to be the material base of the socialist countries.
3. We expect the cooperation among the CMEA member-countries to raise to a still higher level during the next five-year plan.
II. . () (. 2).
1. The equipment being made in the Soviet Union is efficient and reliable in operation.
2. Having created a powerful industry the socialist production is able to satisfy the material and cultural requirements of the population.
3. New forms of cooperation having been developed, economic relations among socialist countries become closer.
III. . , (. 3).
1. If the labour productivity goes up, the standards of living will be improved.
2. If these scientists had made the experiment in time, they would have got more information about this process.
3. It would be impossible to solve many problems without using computers.
IV. 1- 3- , .
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l. the CMEA-
2. to set up
3. to take into account
4. implementation
5. to presuppose
THE CMEA1
1. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) is an international economic organization of socialist countries set up2 to develop economic and technological cooperation. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance aims at closer cooperation in economic management as well as in production. There have been several constructive meetings recently on such matters as planning, price formation, finances and economic production. Regular conferences on wages and labour power are held, the first one dating back to April 1969.
2. Today the economy cannot be planned without taking intoaccount3 the prospects of the revolution in science and technology.Scientific and technological cooperation helps the fraternal countries build large up-to-date plants and launch the output of many kinds of products.
3. The widespread exchange of technical documentation is known to have played an important role in the implementation4 of socialist transformations. This exchange has made it possible to speed up industrialization.
4. New economic targets and the scientific and technological revolution raise economic problems common to all CMEA countries. The most important of these is how to make production more effective and accelerate technological progress to satisfy the rapidly growing material and cultural requirements of the people.
5. More efficient management based on a fuller use of the objective advantages of socialism presupposes5 a higher scientific level of central planning, more economic independence at enterprise level and a more effective system of economic incentives.
V. 5- :
What does more efficient management presuppose?
5
5, :
1. should, would.
2. , .
3. : as, because, because of, due to, for, since, both... and, either... or, neither...nor.
( . III)
As
1.1 have done the work ,
as it was required.. .
2. As there were many new words in the text I used a dictionary. - , .
3. As to (as for) the computer it can handle enormous quantity of data per second. - , .
4. Electricity is a source of light as well as of heat. - , .
Because, because of
1. We use these films be-cause they possess superior properties. - , .
2. The engineers prefer electronic devices because of their reliability. - .
Due to
1. Plastics are in wide use
due to their light weight.
.
For
1. For a long time wood was being applied for housing construction. .
2. We could not translate this text for it contained unknown terms. - , .
Since
1. Man used wood for construction since ancient times. - C .
2. Since the experiment was finished the students left the lab. - , .
Both... and
1. Electronics helps us to study both the atomic nucleus and elementary particles. - , .
Either... or
1. Motors run on either direct or alternating current. .
Neither... nor
1. There is neither oil nor coal in this region. - , .
1
I. , should would.
1. The engineer should know both the advantages and the disadvantages the materials used.
2. Without mathematics there would be no science, no electronic computers, no atomic energy, no conquest of space.
3. If we placed this material in vacuum, its mechanical properties would be changed.
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II. , , .
1. The method used depends on the length to be measured.
2. Silicon is known to be the basic material for electronic industry.
3. Any element is characterized by a certain number of protons in the nucleus, this number being the same as the number of electrons in the atom.
4. Scientists today believe all substances to be made of one or more different kinds of atoms.
5. Unless treated this material must not be used in space technology.
III. , .
1. Radar is used in airplane and ship navigation as well as in other fields of science and engineering.
2. The transformer is a device used for raising or lowering voltage.
3. The new plastics will be used as insulators both in electrical and electronic circuits.
IV. 1- 5- . 2,4 5- .
1. vacuum tube
2. operating current -
3. transistorized circuitry ,
4. tunnel diode
5. ring radio set ,
( 89 94)
tion the output of automatic instruments should be greatly increased.
3. Had man learnt to control thermo-nuclear explosions he would have a practically inexhaustible source of energy.
II. , , .
1. When developing space technology we are facing a number of difficult problems.
2. The main disadvantage of plastics is likely to be poor resistance to heat.
3. Scientists consider solar energy to be an ideal source of power for artificial satellites,
4. Liquid lubricants evaporating in vacuum, scientists developed solid lubricants for space engineering.
5. Wood was perhaps the first material to be used by man for building purposes.
III. , .
1. As matter and weight are closely connected we usually measure the amount of matter in an object by weighing it.
2. For a long; time scientists dreamed to obtain electric power directly from the sun.
3. Through television we can see events as well as hear programmes even if they take place many kilometres away.
IV. 1- 4- . 2,3,4- .
1. far side
2. rock
3. mantle
4. glassy globule-
5. melting point
LUNAR EXPLORATION
1. The Earth's nearest celestial neighbour the Moon is only 384,400 km away from us. That is why, it appears sufficiently large and bright. Lunar exploration began in 1959 when the Soviet Union sent its Luna-3 spacecraft around the Moon. It radioed back the first photographs of the Moon's far side.1 In July 1969two American astronauts landed on the Moon and carried out a variety of experiments on the surface of the Moon.
2. The kilometres of film exposed by the astronauts, the specimens of rock2 brought back to the Earth and other data studied by hundreds of scientists from countries all over the Earth have led to new views on several basic problems.
3. Before the Moon landings it was thought that the Moon was a simple body with the same composition throughout. But we now know it to be a body with a metallic core at its centre, a silica-richmantle3 and a crust. Lunar soils proved to contain a type of structure that is not common on Earth. Small glassy globules4were present in the soil
4. The types of rocks that were encountered on the Moon are familiar to our geologists. However, almost all of these rocks have lower proportions of elements with lower melting points5 than does the Earth. Detailed examinations of the lunar rocks indicate to relatively high proportions of elements with high melting points such as calcium, aluminium and titanium. So the Moon and the Earth seem to be more similar than had been thought for the last few years. None of the lunar rocks contain any trace of water bound inside their minerals. This ends all hope that water and life existed on the Moon at any time in the past.
5. Thus, due to the lunar exploration the scientists were provided with some information about the composition of the solar system, with the information of the Moon and its relationship to the Earth. One day we may be able to use the far side of the Moon as a site for scientific observatories, for optical, ultraviolet or infrared observations. Twenty or thirty years from now we may be able to visit the Moon as researchers or even as tourists.
V. 5- :
What purpose will the Moon's surface be used in future for?
5
I. , should, would.
1. In the future new alloys and synthetic materials should replace the metals we use today.
2. If the voltage increased electrons would acquire an energy high enough to ionize neutral molecules which they collide with.
3. It would be impossible to simplify the production of aluminium without using the electrothermal method.
II. , , .
1. Many sources of X-rays are supposed to exist in the Universe, but the technical difficulties of observing them are great.
2. Having subjected crystals to X-radiation the scientists could obtain materials with special properties.
3. Welded joints were X-rayed to examine the strength of welding.
4. Architects have designed and built houses to be heated by solar radiation.
5. Radioisotopes being produced in atomic reactors, the engineers began to apply them for physical measurements and in radiography.
III. , .
1. Man has recognized that sunlight is a powerful source of energy since ancient times.
2. Hydroelectric energy requires no fuel for electricity is produced from the energy of falling water.
3. In the field of chemistry lasers are used either for diagnostic purposes or for producing chemical changes.
IV. 1- 4- . 1 3- .
1. sophisticated -
2. cell
3. to afflict
4. despite -
5. retina -
6. storage capacity
BIOCHEMISTRY
1. The chemistry of life, or "biochemistry" as chemists call it, is an area in which the classical fields of chemistry and biology meet. It can be called "molecular biology". Biochemistry is the study of the structures and reactions of the thousands of compounds involved in life process. Biochemistry is considered to be the most complex area of chemistry.
2. Living things represent the most efficient, sophisticated1, compact chemical "factories" ever known. How, for example, docells2 of the body know when to divide and multiply into new cells having the same characteristics as the original cells? When the body is afflicted* by disease or by a wound how does the body protect itself and repair the damage? We know these processes to involve thousands of different chemical compounds.
3. When we compare the nervous system to man-made electronic computers the efficiency and complexity of the biological systems become even more impressive. Despite4 great advances in computer technology, the greatest computer ever built is almost insignificant being compared to a human brain weighing little more than a kilogram. A computer can perform mathematical operations millions of times faster than a person, but think of some of the things the nervous system can do. For example, it can cause your arm to reach out and touch an object. The brain can translate signals from the retina5 of the eyes into three dimensional colour images. It can translate a series of frequencies detected by the eat into thoughts whereas a computer can only perform operations being programmed by a person. As to the storage capacity5 the brain really wins out. The largest computers have storage capacity of about one million words but some experts believe the brain to store up all the signals it receives.
