1. The changes affecting the composition of materials are called chemical changes. - , , .
Affecting - Participle I, .
2. When heated to the boiling point water evaporates. - , . (: .)
(When) heated - Participle II, .
3. Heat is radi- -
ated by the Sun to the -
Earth. .
Radiated - Participle II, - Present Indefinite Passive to radiate.
1
I. ; - - . . () .
) 1. Soviet chemical science is successfully solving many complex problems.
2. Radio astronomy has given mankind efficient means for penetration into space.
) 1. 'Becquerels discovery was followed by an intensive research work of Marie and Pierre Curie.
2. Heat energy is transmitted in two different ways.
II. ; Participle I Participle II . , .. , , -. .
1. Nylon was the first synthetic fibre used in clothing.
2. The atoms forming our planet are built of negative electrons, positive protons and ordinary neutrons.
3. This kind of treatment when used makes the metals heat-resistant.
4. When passing through an electroscope, X-rays cause its discharge.
. ; . .
1. One object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.
2. Mass can also be defined as a measure of inertia.
3. Man-made satellites had to use solar cells as a source of power.
4. Plastics should be reinforced by different kinds of fibres (to reinforce , ).
IV. 1- 3- . 2- 3- .
1. Herman Helmholtz
2. celebrated - ,
3. ophthalmoscope
4. colour-blindness - ,
5. through -,
6. vortex motion
7. versatile ,
8. ultimately ,
HERMAN HELMHOLTZ1 (1821-1894)
1. Herman Helmholtz is celebrated2 for his contributions to physiology and theoretical physics. A delicate child, Helmholtz early displayed a passion for understanding things, but otherwise developed slowly, and had no marked early talent for mathematics. Although he wished to study physics, he was persuaded by his father to take up the study of medicine, entering the Medical Institute at Berlin in 1838.
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2. His researches into physiological optics began about 1850with the discovery of the ophthalmoscope3 (1851), followed by investigations into colour, including the problem of colour-blindness.4 He also made fundamental contribution to the understanding of the structure and mechanism of the human eye.
3. Helmholtz's first, and most celebrated paper in theoretical physics was his article on the conservation of force. In this paper he proved the conservation of total energy of a system of particles which were interacting through5 central forces depending only on the masses and separations of the particles. Other important work in theoretical physics included the famous paper on vortex motion6 (1858), and the application of the principle of least action to electrodynamical problems.
4. Helmholtz was undoubtedly the most versatile7 of nineteenth-century scientists. From 1871 onwards he was perhaps 
more famous as a theoretical physicist than as a physiologist. But it seems probable that apart from his work on the conservation of energy he will ultimately8 be remembered more for his epoch-making researches in physiological optics and acoustics in which his talents as physiologist, physicist, mathematician and experimentalist of genius were most vividly displayed.
V. 4- . , :
For what researches will Helmholtz be remembered?
1.... for his celebrated paper in theoretical physics.
2.... for his epoch-making researches in physiological optics and acoustics.
3.... for his paper on vortex motion.
2
1. , - - . . () .
) 1. Today scientists are still looking for the substance as a source of energy.
2. The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as
a key to discovering new elements.
) 1. Synthetic rubber products were developed between 1914 and the 1930s.
2. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.
. ; Participle I Participle II , .. , , -. .
1. Molecular crystals are solids constructed of molecules held together by relatively weak forces.
2. A body moving with a certain velocity carries within itself the kinetic energy of motion.
3. While absorbing the energy of cosmic rays the upper atmosphere becomes radioactive.
4. Unless properly treated the metal must not be applied for space technology.
. ; . .
1. Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other.
2. The computers should become an integral part of the organization of industrial processes of all types.
3. These metal parts had to be subjected to X-ray examination.
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4. The chemists may use the reactor to analyse various substances for their exact composition,
IV. 1- 3- . 2- 3- .
1. honorary board - ,
2. in compiling this-
3. some sixty in all
4. verbally
D.L MENDELEYEV (1834-1907)
1. A Russian name appeared in 1964 on the honorary board1 of science at Bridgeport University, USA: Mendeleyev was added to the list of the greatest geniuses - Euclid, Archimedes, Copernicus, Galilei, Newton and Lavoisier. D.I. Mendeleyev, the explorer of nature, is the greatest chemist of the world. The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements and it has retained its key capacity until now.
2. D.I. Mendeleyev was the fourteenth, and last child of the Director of the Gymnasium at Tobolsk. At 16 he was taken by his mother to St. Petersburg to seek father education. He entered the Pedagogical Institute where his father has also studied. In 1856 lie took a degree in chemistry and in 1859 he was sent abroad for two years for further training. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1861 as Professor of Chemistry.
3. In 1868 Mendeleyev began to write a great textbook of chemistry, known in its English translation as the "Principles of Chemistry". In compiling this2, he tried to find some system of classifying the elements some sixty in all3 then known whose properties he was describing. This led him to formulate the Periodic Law, which earned him lasting international fame. He presented it verbally4 to the Russian Chemical Society in October 1868 and published it in February 1869.
4. In this paper he set out-clearly his discovery that if the elements are arranged in order of their atomic weights, chemically related elements appear at regular intervals. The greatness of Mendeleyev's achievement lies in the fact that he had discovered a generalization that not only unified an enormous amount of existing information but pointed the way to further progress.
V. 4- . , :
What can you say about the greatness of Mendeleyev's discovery?
1. The greatness of Mendeleyev's achievement lies in the fact that his Periodic Table pointed the way to further progress in chemistry.
2. Mendeleyev had discovered several new elements.
3. Mendeleyev created the system of classifying chemical elements.
3
I. ; - - . . () .
) 1. The reactor is fast becoming a major source of heat and electricity.
2. Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and positions of bodies in the Universe.
6) 1. Elements are transformed into other elements both by man and by nature.
2. The launching of Sputnik 1 was followed by many achievements in science and engineering.
II. ; Participle I Participle II , .. , , -. .
1. These reactions convert hydrogen into helium, giving off a great amount of light and heat.
2. The formula E=mc2 deduced by Einstein is perhaps the most well-known equation in the world.
3. Soils containing too much sand or clay are of less value in agriculture.
4. Plastics articles are often difficult to repair if broken.
III. ; . .
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1. Laser light can be used to transmit power of various types.
2. The application of digital () computers should, include all forms of automatic control in science and industry.
3. These new materials had to withstand much higher temperatures than metals.
4. Ethylene gas may be obtained by cracking petroleum.
IV, 1- 3- . 2- 3- .
1. Meitner -
2. doctorate -
3.then available-
4.illustrious - ,
5.productive
USE METTNER1 (1878-1968)
1. In 1938, an Austrian physicist named Use Meitner announced the splitting of the atom in the laboratory. That announcement confirmed once again the beginning of the Atomic Age. At that time Lise Meitner was one of the few persons in the world who had a thorough understanding 6f atomic energy and the uses which could be made of this great power.
2. Lise Meitner, the daughter of a lawyer, was born in Vienna on the 17thof November 1878. She grew interested in science when she read of the Curies' discovery of radium. The example of Marie Curie showed that a woman was able to achieve something in science. Lise Meitner became die first woman in the history of the University of Vienna who earned her doctorate2 in physics.
3. In. 1906 she went to the University of Berlin to continue her studies by attending the theoretical lectures of Max Planck and by doing experimental work. Then she began her research in the new field of radioactivity. She focused her attention on the behaviour of beta radiation from radioactive elements, experimenting with the primitive methods then available3 for measuring and analyzing radioactivity. Meitner's work in the 1920s and early 1930s emphasised the physical aspects of radioactivity.
4. In 1938 she left Germany for Sweden, lise Meitner declined to work on the development of the atom bomb remaining in Sweden throughout the war. She was concerned with the properties of new radioactive isotopes, produced by the cyclotron. Her career was illustrious4 and productive5 (she published more than 135 scientific papers), but throughout her fife she remained a shy person,with a deep interest in music. Her devotion to science had been total. She never married. In 1960 she moved to Cambridge, England, where she died in 1968.
V- 4- . , .
Why can we say that Meitner's career was illustrious and productive?
1because she was concerned with the study of thermal conductivity in non-homogeneous bodies.
2.... because she was measuring and analysing radioactivity.
3.... because she published more than 135 scientific papers.
4
1. ; - - . . () .
) 1. Quantum mechanics has greatly influenced the nuclear theory.
2. The problem of the structure of matter is constantly occupying the minds of many scientists.
) 1. Today many polymeric materials are produced on a massive scale.
2. Many compounds can be decomposed when they are acted upon by different forms of energy.
II. ; Participle I Participle II , .. , , -. .
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1. Natural rubber is a thermoplastic material that becomes soft when heated and hard when cooled.
2. Matter composed of any chemical combination of elements is called a compound.
3. The smallest particle having all the characteristics of an element is called an atom.
4. While bombarding the upper layers of the atmosphere, cosmic rays reach the surface of the earth.
III. ; . .
1. Heat can be divided into three different types.
2. A great number of plastics should find their applications in the electrical industry.
3. Chemical means had to be used for the separation of compounds into their elements.
4. The existence of an X-ray laser in the future may be possible.
IV. 1- 3- . 2- 3- .
1. Raman -
2. pre-eminent ,
3. the Civil Service
4. to appoint to a position
5. to testify to
6. to occupy the chair - ,
7. brought -.
8. to emerge -.
. V. RAMAN1 (1888-1970)
1. Raman was an Indian physicist, pre-eminent2 in molecular spectroscopy and acoustics. He created the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1934 and was its president until his death in 1970. He was justly considered the father of Indian science and the Indian Government honoured him with the first of its National Professorships. In 1957 he became an International Lenin Peace Prize Winner.
2. The son of a teacher and lecturer, Raman entered the College in Madras in 1903 and achieved the highest distinctions in the examinations for scientific degrees. As scientific research was at this time almost completely neglected in India, he then entered the Civil Service3 and was appointed to a position4 in the Finance Department in 1907. He retained this employment for ten years, mostly in Calcutta. When he was eighteen years old he published his first original optical research in-the "Philosophical Magazine". He continued scientific work in his spare time: some thirty papers testified to5 his ability and energy and helped to make his name familiar to scientists in Europe and America.
3. In 1917 Raman was offered the professorship of physics at the Calcutta University. He occupied the chair6 from 1917 to 1933.Raman brought7 to Calcutta many talented young Indians to undertake research into optical phenomena, acoustics and other branches of physics.
4. During the years in Calcutta Raman emerged8 as a truly international figure. In 1930 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him). Raman was honoured by universities and scientific institutions in the Soviet Union, Europe and America as well as in his own country.
V. 4- . , :
Why was Raman honoured by many universities and scientific institutions of different countries?
1.... because he was awarded the Nobel Prize.
2.... because he brought to Calcutta many young talented Indians.
3.... because of his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of an effect named after him.
5
I. ; - - . . () .
) 1. Astronomers have measured the exact length of the day.
2. Astronomers find that the day is increasing by 0.002 seconds each century.
) 1. The chemical properties of an element are determined by the orbiting electrons.
2. As a rule one great discovery is generally followed by numerous others.
II. ; Participle I Participle , .. , , -. .
1. The cloud chamber ( ) is one of the devices used to detect the presence of radioactivity.
2. Matter consists of one or a number of basic elements occurring in nature.
3. One -can use several modern devices while detecting and measuring radioactivity.
4. When heated to a certain temperature, this alloy increases in volume.
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III. ; ; .
1. We can think of heat as a special form of kinetic energy.
2. A computer should solve complicated problems many millions of times faster than a mathematician.
3. New types of plastics had to be obtained for space technology.
4. To measure the vast distances between different planets scientists have to use special instruments.
IV. 1- 3- . 2- 3- .
1. Powell -
2. particle physics -
3. the Pugwush Conferences -
4. were determined
5. won a scholarship ( )
6. position
7. sub-nuclear particle
CF. POWELL1 (1903-1969)
1. Powell was a prominent English scientist noted for his techniques and discoveries in particle physics.2 He was also deeply concerned with problems elating to the social responsibility of scientists. Powell was a leader in the World Federation of Scientific Workers in the mid-1950s and was a founder of the Pugwush Conferences3 on Science and World Affairs in 1957. As a public man and in his published articles Powell stressed the perils of destructive weapons and the need for international cooperation.
2. Powell was born in December 1903 in England. His parents were poor and they were determined4 to give their children a good education to increase their opportunities for a better life. In 1921Powell won a scholarship5 of one of the colleges at Cambridge which he graduated in 1925 with first-class honours in science. He started his scientific career at the Cavendish laboratory headed by Ernest Rutherford. After gaining his scientific degree at Cambridge in 1928 Powell accepted a position6 at the new Physics laboratory in the University of Bristol. Powell spent the rest of his career there advancing to professor in 1948 and director of the laboratory in 1964.
3. In 1947 Powell's Bristol group identified a new particle in the cosmic radiation. Powell and other two scientists discovered the 
-meson and demonstrated that this sub-nuclear particle7 was produced directly in nuclear reactions and rapidly decayed in flight, producing the 
-meson. The discovery solved a complicated scientific problem and helped open a new era of particle physics.
4. Powell continued to develop and apply the photographic method of Bristol. His laboratory became the source of new experimental discoveries in meson physics and an international training centre for physicists of many countries. In 1950 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his development of the photographic method and his meson discoveries.
V. 4- . , :
For what discovery was Powell awarded the Nobel Prize?
1.... for the role he played in the establishment of the European Centre for Nuclear Research.
2.... for his development of the photographic method and his meson discoveries.
3.... for a new technique for detecting high-energy particles.
3, :
1. that, one,it.
2. (The Passive Voice) - Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.
3. to be, to have, to do.
4. . ) , ) , ), ) .
5. .
,
1 ( . I)
Present Perfect Passive
The main question
has already been discussed. .
Present Indefinite Passive
His scientific work is
much spoken about. .
2 ( . II)
1. It is necessary to use the latest means of control in industry. - .
2. One should agree that that experiment was of great importance for our research. - , .
3. It is hydrogen that will be the main source of energy in the car of the future. - .
3 ( . IV)
1. What is the- name of ,
the book you are reading? ?
2. the region we must ,
explore possesses great natu- , -
ral wealth. .
1
I. , - - (. ). .
1. When much material had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the article was published.
2. Electric cars will be widely used in future.
3. Today plastics are being applied for car bodies ( ).
4. This lecturer is listened to with great interest.
II. , it, that, one.
1. It is proved that light needs time to travel any distance.
2. One must take part in scientific work.
3. Specialists consider that in future city transport will reject gasoline.
III. , to be, to have, to do.
1. You have to come to the language laboratory of the Institute to work at your pronunciation.
2. This material does not possess elastic properties.
3. Scientists had to create new materials for industry.
4. The exam was to start in the morning.
IV. , .
1. We know electricity produces heat.
2. The new materials the Soviet chemists developed were used in space technology.,
V. , .
1. It is necessary for a Soviet specialist to know a foreign language.
2. The Soviet scientists were the first to construct and launch the space rocket.
3. Our idea was to design a new device for automatic control.
4. To increase the productivity of labour one must use the methods we have just described.
VI. 1- 3- . 1- 2- .
1. leap -
2. cushion -
3. collaboration -
4. to recoup
5. magnetic suspension train
THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY TRANSPORT
1. It has been a long time since tram velocities first surpassed the 100 fen per hour limit and they are now approaching 200 km per hour and even higher velocities in some countries. Is it possible to increase the speed with the help of the traditional wheel at the present stage in the development of transport facilities? Scientists and engineers in various countries have come to the conclusion that a new leap1 in velocity! is possible only if the wheel is replaced with an air or magnetic cushion.2
2. In the USSR the All-Union Electrical Locomotive Engineering Research Institute is the leader in the development of high-speed ground transport. In collaboration3 with many other Soviet research centres, it is carrying out an extensive programme on high-speed ground transport. The advantages of high-speed ground transport to be used in future are obvious. At present air and toad transport bums three-fourth of all produced fuels, and the combustion process, naturally, affects the earth's ecology.
3. The future trains must be ecologically clean and noiseless. It has been estimated that the cost of high-speed ground transport will be recouped4 three times faster than with the railways.
