(α). . 0,1 298 α>0,3; 0,3<α > 0.03 α<0,03. , , . , (HCl,HNO3, H2SO4), (NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2) . H3PO4, H2SO3, H2C2O4. , H2O3, H2SiO3, H2S, HCN, Mg(CN)2 .
.
1) , , α
λ=α, (7.20)
.
, , . ( ) , .. α=1,
λ ∞ =, (7.21)
λ ∞ - . () λ=f(c) ( ).
- (7.21) (7.20) :
α =λ/λ∞ (7.22)
, .
2) N , α. αN, N(1-α). n , nαN N(1-α) + nαN. , , ..
(7.23)
(7.23) , (α=1) , (i=n).
, . 1. , , , (, .).
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. , . , 2030- . 20 . . . (), . (), . . () ., . , , ( ) ( ). . , , ( ). , .
( ) , .
: (HClO4, HMnO4, H2SO4, HCl, HBr; HI), (NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2); .
, , . .
:
;
: HF, HClO, HClO2, HNO2, HCN, H2S, HBrO, H3PO4,H2CO3, H2SiO3, H2SO3 .;
: Fe(OH)3, Zn(OH)2 .
, () , , . . , .
x A y B, :
[A], [B] [AxBy] A, B AxBy .
. , [A−] = [K+] = αc, [KA] = c αc = c(1 α), α .
:
, | (2) |
. α (α<<1) K=cα²
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,
, , .
́ , , , . , , 100 100 ³ () (/100 ³/100 ³). . .
.
(, Ksp) . .
, . , CaCO3 :
:
, , :
.
, AmBn, m An+ n Bm-, :
[An+] [Bm-] , .
. .
. , . , , , , , , .. .
, .
Ks, , Ks. , .
.
(CaF2)= 4 ×1011
(CaC2O4)= 2×109
, CaF2, ..
(CaF2)< (CaC2O4).
, 2+ :
CaC2O4 ⇄ 2+
CaF2 ⇄ 2+ + 2F.
24 1 2+ 1 :
(24) = S2,
S /:
a2+ = S = = 4,5×105 /
CaF2 1 2+ 2 F:
(CaF2)= a2+×a2F = S×(2S)2 = 4S3
a2+ = S = = 0,84×104/
24 2+ , CaF2. 24.
: 1) ; 2) ; 3) . . , :
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am(An+) ×an(Bm)>
AmBn: , .
:
am(An+) ×an(Bm)< ,
.. , .
An+ Bm: 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) .
́ ́ ́ - + OH− , .
. , , :
. :
[H+] ();
[OH−] -;
[H2O] ( ) ;
, , (1000 /)/(18 /) = 55,56 /.
25 C 1,810−16/. (1) :
K[H2O] = K = 1,810−16 /55,56 / = 10−14²/² = [H+][OH−] ( 25 C).
K, -, . , . C , , K, .
́ ́, pH ( , . pH piː'eɪtʃ ) ( ) , , ( ) , :
pH. 25 C ([H+]) - ([OH−]) 10−7 /, , [H+] [OH−] 10−14 ²/² ( 25 C).
, , . , - , , -, . [H+] > [OH−] , , [OH−] > [H+] .
, , , , pH.
pOH
pH , pOH, OH−:
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22 C , , :
, (, ) -. , () ( ).
[1]:
1. ( ):
( , , )
2. ( ):
( , , )
3. :
( , , ).
, . . .
. , , . α ( h);
α = (c / c )100 %
c , c .
, , .
.
. .
, :
:
, :
, :
:
, :
, ,
, :
, ,
, :