(, Adams, 1963). , , (Festinger, 1954), , , , . , (Stouffer, Lunsdaine et al., 1949; Stouffer, Suchman, DeVinney, Star & Williams, 1949) , - , , -, , .
, , (Leung, Smith, Wang & Sun, 1996) . -, , , . , , . (Leung, Smith, Wang & Sun, 1996) , , - . - . , - - , . , .
. (Leung, Smith, Wang & Sun, 1996) , , (Leung, Wang & Smith, ). , , - , , - . (Leung, Wang & Smith, ) , , , - , . , , ,
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, . ,
(Komorita & Leung, 1985), - , - . (Komorita, 1984) , , , . , , , , , . , , , , . -, , , , . , , .
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- (seniority), . , , , , , (, Ouchi & Jaeger, 1978). (Hundley & Kim, 1997) , , , , .
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, , . , (equity theory) (Adams, 1963,1965; Homans, 1961) . : (, Deutsch, 1975). , ( ) . ( ) . ( ) (, Deutsch, 1975; Leung & Park, 1986). , (. James, 1993;Leung, 1988,1997). , (Foa & Foa, 1974), - .
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, , . .
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(, Hofstede, 1980; Triandis, 1972), (Leung & Bond, 1984) , . -, ( , ), . , , - . - , , . (Leung & Bond, 1984) , ; .
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(. . Chen, 1995) . , , . , . ; , . (Leung, 1997), , , , , , , (Leung & Bond, 1984).
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(Leung & Iwawaki, 1988), , . , (Leung & Iwawaki, 1988), . (Leung & Iwawaki, 1988) (Kim, Park & Suzuki, 1990) .
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, , (James, 1993). - . (Leung, 1997) ; , , . (, Deutsch, 1975; Leung & Park, 1986). , , , . - , , , . . 19.2.
. 19.2.
, . , -, , , (Murphy-Berman, Berman, Singh, Pacharui & Kumar, 1984) , - (Berman, Murphy-Berman & Singh, 1985) , - , . (Leung, 1988) , - , , , .
, , ', , .
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. , , . , (Marin, 1985) , , , . (. . Chen, 1995) . , .