:
I. .
II.
III. .
IV. ().
V. .
VI. - ().
8.1
| / | |||
| 1. | |||
| 2. | , . | ||
| 3. | , % ( , ) | ||
| 4. | , | .. | |
| 5. | β | ||
| 6. | , | i | |
| 7. | , / | vm | |
| 8. | , | ||
| 9. | - 1 , | tn-p | |
| 10. | , | q | |
| 11. | Y | ||
| 12. | |||
| 13. |
I. .
, . Q () , . .8.2.
8.2
| / | ( ) | |||||
| 1. | , . | |||||
| 2. | - | =- ( = 365 ) | ||||
| 3. | α | |||||
| 4. | - | = - | ||||
| 5. | , | |||||
| 6. | - . | = · | ||||
| 7. | , | q | ||||
| 8. | , | q | q = · q | |||
| 9. | γ | |||||
| 10. | , / | Vm | ||||
| . | - 1 , | tn-p | ||||
| 12. | , | I | ||||
| 13. | , | Lcc | 
| |||
| 14. | , . | L | L = Lcc · | |||
| 15. | β | |||||
| 16. | , . | L | L = L · β | |||
| 17. | , . | n | n = L /l | |||
| 18. | , . | Q | Q =ne · q · y | |||
| 19. | , . | P = Q · l | ||||
| 20. | : - | Qa, | Qa = Q / = / | |||
| 21. | - : - | Qq Pq | =1- =1- | |||
| 22. | : - - | = / = / L = / | ||||
:
|
|
|
1. , .
:
-
Q :
(8.1)
- :
(8.2)
2. , , 1 8, 13, 14 /.
3. , Qo .
(8.3)
- , , , ;
l - , .
(8.4)
4. ,
: ,
- ,
α, -
, - ,
t, Vm, Lcc L.
, t
(8.5)
tCM - , ;
- ;
- .
II. .
.
8.3
| / | ( ) | ||
| 1. | - . | ||
| 2. | . - -2. | - | - =(0,25-0,3)-2,-2- -2 ( ) |
| 3. | - , .-. | tn-3 | tn-3 =0, |
| 4. | , | 8.5 | |
| 5. | , ., : | Ne | 8.4 |
| 1 (15%) | N1 | ||
| 2 (25%) | N2 | ||
| 3 (60%) | N3 | ||
| 6. | , | Qm | |
| 7. | , . | Cm | - |
| 8. | , . | m | m=Cm-Qm |
| 9. | , | ||
| 10. | 1 , . | - | |
| 11. | , . | = | |
| 12. | , . | = + | |
| 13. | 3 , . | - | |
| 14. | 3 , . | = | |
| 15. | -2, . | -2 | -2 = -2 |
| 16. | , . 1 2 | 1 2 | 1=0,25- 12 N1 2=0,1- 12 N2 |
| 17. | - , . | -3, | 
|
| 18. | ( ), . | = % | |
| 19. | , . | = % | |
| 20. | , . | = ++1+ 2++ | |
| 21. | , . | = % | |
| 22. | |||
| 23. | , | = (+) | |
| 24. | , . | 
|
|
|
|
:
, , . :
(8.6)
: 
2.1.
2.1.1. -
( , ,
- ,
-2, , , , ).
, (, , ). % :
(8.7)
0 - ;
- ;
- ;
- .
2.1.3. -
:
(8.8)
- - , ;
-2 - -2, ;
tn-3 - - , ;
- , ;
η - , (η =1,05-1,07).
2.1.4.
:
(8.9)
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ( = 2,5% );
0 - ( = 0,5 -1% );
t1 - ,;
, - ;
0 - ,
|
|
|
;
t2 - , (t2 = 1).
2.1.5. % :
- 10 . - 10%;
- 10 . -15%.
2.2. .
2.2.1. N .
 |
(8.10)
8.4
| հ / | ( ) | ||
| 1. | , .- | 2 | |
| 2. | -2, .-. | -2 | 25-30% -2 |
| 3. | , | ·. | (8.9) |
| 4. | η | η =1,05 -1,07 | |
| 5. | , | N | (8.10) |
| 6. | |||
| 7. | , . | - | |
| 8. | , . | = *( - -2) | |
| 9. | , . | = % | |
| 10. | , . | = % | |
| 11. | , . | = + + | |
| 12. | , . | = % | |
| 13. | |||
| 14. | = (+ ) | ||
| 15. | , . | 
|
2.3. -
.
25-30% . - .
2.4. , () ,
. -
. .8.5.
8.5
| / | -, . | , | , | |
| 1. 2. 3. 4. | - | |||
III. .
1. .
2. .
, : , , .
(.8.2) . .
8.6
| / | |||
| 1. | , . | L | |
| 2. | , . | P | |
| 3. | ( ), . | n | |
| 4. | , : 100 1 00 ( ) | 100 H 100 | - - 0,25 |
| 5. | , | TL | TL = 100 · L / 100 |
| 6. | , | = 100 · / 100 | |
| 7. | ( ) | = + = L + ( ) = * n | |
| 8. | 
3 - . . , %; 3 -
| ||
| 9. | (. 7 + . 8), | ||
| 10. | , | =0,5 % (+3) | |
| 11. | , | = + 3 + | |
| 12. | , . | 1 | |
| 13. | , . | = 1 · |
|
|
|
:
1. , , :
TL = H · t. (8.11)
- , /;
t - 1 , -.
3. .
, , (, , , ). , . .8.7.
8.7
| / | ||||||
| 1. | , 100 : , . , . | 1 | - = / 100 = 1 | |||
| 2. | , 100 : , . , . | 1 | - = · / 100 = 1 · | |||
| 3. | , 100 , , . , . | 1 | - = / 100 = 1 | |||
| 4. | : , . , . | 1 | = 0,5 % = 1 | |||
| 5. | , 1 , 1 , . , . | 1 | = (24-30) / = = 1 | |||
| = + + + + | ||||||
:
( ) :
- = 0,77
:
- = 0,87
- =0,91
- = 0,9 - 0,95
- = 0,84
4. .
:
- ();
- ();
- ;
- ().
:
= . L / 1000; (8.12)
= . L / 1000, (8.13)
- , ./1000;
Lo6 - , .
|
|
|
= · 1 · 2 · 3 (8.14)
1, 2, 3 - , " ".
:
, , . - , . ( 0,5 ) 50% . , ,
=0,5 · -1 + · 2, (8.15)
1 2 - .
() , .
= · · L/(100 · 1000), , (8.16)
- , %/1000;
- , .
:
, , () ( ), , , (.., , ).
5. (..)
:
N.. = L · n / L (8.17)
n - ;
LH - , .
.. =N.. · Cl, (8.18)
1 - , .
:
, , L .
6. :
= H · · L / (100 ·1000), (8.19)
- , % 1000 ;
- 1 , . ( ).
7. .
, 1 % .
