, , . (), , , . (. 3.15), , , (. 3.16). -, : . : , , . , , , "", - .
. 3.15. .
. 3.16. .
: , , [8]. : , , , , , . -, , .
UNIX. - - .
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, , . , , , . : , , . ., .
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, , - . , , , (, ). , .
, "" : - . - account, "". , , . , : - . , , .
(account) - , . , .
.
- , . , . , . .
(login name) - , (, ).
- UID (User ID). UID - , [9]. , . , . , UID "0" "100" [10].
, UID - , . . .
, . . , , , - GID (Group ID). - . , [11], . , .
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( ) . , , . , - , .
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( , , ) - , "" . :
1. ;
2. - ;
3. .
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, - "0". UID=0 root (., ""). root - "" , root , . "" . "" # (. 3.17), $ (. 3.18).
. 3.17. "" .
. 3.18. .
UID=0 , , , . root . root , : .
root .
: . . ( , ). - . . . , .
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(authentication)
, , (authentication, " "). , , , . , , . , , . : , , ( , ), . , (, ), , . autologin. , . , autologin , . :
1. , , , , - .
2. .
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- .
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Alt+F2 (F3, F4 ..), 2 (. 3.19):
. 3.19. 2.
(. 3.16 . 3.19) , - , .
" ttyN ", " N " - . , virtual console - , .
, , Ctrl+Alt+F7. . , ( ) , . - , .
, ( "" ) , . , . Ctrl+Alt+F7 - Ctrl+Alt+F9.
, Ctrl+Alt+FN, " N " - .
, , : , (, ), , . , , , , , "" .
, , , . , . . , , , , .
, , logout (. 3.20).
. 3.20. logout.
(. 3.16 . 3.19).
, "" , - Ctrl+D. Ctrl+D , . , , . Ctrl+D , "" , . logout.
, , , . - TCP/IP . , . (, Ethernet), . ifconfig (. 3.21).
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. 3.21. .
( ). Ethernet ethN, N - , 0 (eth0).
Link encap . . 3.21 Ethernet Local Loopback.
HWaddr ( HardWare address, ) . Ethernet MAC-address ( Media Access Control, ), , . Ethernet- MAC-address (. 3.21 eth0 - 08:00:27:05:21:FA, eth1 - 08:00:27:27:AB:77), Ethernet-. , , FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF. , , MAC- MAC-, .
"Media Access Control" , . :
1. . , . , .
2. . , , , , , . , .
3. . , . , . - , , , , .
. -, , . -, Ethernet , , . Ethernet, , , , , . .
inet addr ( Internet address ) IP ( IPv4), (. 3.21 eth0 - 192.168.11.1, eth1 - 192.168.1.101, lo - 127.0.0.1).
Bcast ( Broadcast - ) IP-, , (. 3.21 eth0 - 192.168.11.255, eth1 - 192.168.1.255).
Mask ( ) - IPv4, IP- , (. 3.21 eth0 - 255.255.255.0, eth1 - 255.255.255.0, lo 255.0.0.0).
MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) (), .. , OSI (. 3.21 eth0 - 1500 , eth1 - 1500 , lo - 16436 ).
Metric ( ). (routing metric) . , .. .
RX TX , ( RX Receive Data - ) ( TX Transmit Data - ) (packets) (bytes) (. 3.21 eth0 RXpackets:665 665 , TXpackets:4 4 ), (. 3.21 eth0 RXerror:0 0 , TXerror:0 0 ), (. 3.21 eth0 RXdropped:0 0 , TXdropped:0 0 ), (. 3.21 eth0 RXoverruns:0 0 , TXoverruns:0 0 ), (. 3.21 eth0 RXframe:0 0 ), (. 3.21 eth0 TXcarrier:0 0 ).
collisions (. 3.21 eth0 0 ).
txqueuelen (. 3.21 eth0 1000 ), , .
Interrupt (. 3.21 eth0 10, eth1 - 9).
Base address (. 3.21 eth0 D020, eth1 - D060).
ifconfig. :
ifconfig eth1 192.168.11.101 eth1 IP- 192.168.11.101.
IP- alias (). :
ifconfig eth1:1 192.168.11.111 eth1 alias 1 IP- 192.168.11.111.
, , . , . eth0 ifcfg-eth0, eth1 - ifcfg-eth1, .. ifcfg-eth0 ifcfg-eth1 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts, .. eth0 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0, eth1 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1. ifcfg-eth0 ifcfg-eth1 Vim. eth0 Vim
vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
eth1 Vim
vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
Vim (. 3.22), .
. 3.22. Vim .
, . :
1. , :