14.
() .
.
, , , .
.
- ( - , )
- (, )
:
1. ( , ) ( ).
2. ( )
:
)
)
)
.
3. (, ) .
4. ( , ). , , , .
15.
. , .
:
- , , , , ;
- ;
- , , .
. , , . , .
:
, , , .
() | |||
integer | -32768..32767 | +, -, /, *, Div, Mod, >=, <=, =, <>, <, > | |
byte | 0..255 | +, -, /, *, Div, Mod, >=, <=, =, <>, <, > | |
word | 0..65535 | +, -, /, *, Div, Mod, >=, <=, =, <>, <, > | |
shortint | -128..127 | +, -, /, *, Div, Mod, >=, <=, =, <>, <, > | |
longint | -2147483648..2147483647 | +, -, /, *, Div, Mod, >=, <=, =, <>, <, > | |
real | 2,9x10-39 - 1,7x1038 | +, -, /, *, >=, <=, =, <>, <, > | |
single | 1,5x10-45 - 3,4x1038 | +, -, /, *, >=, <=, =, <>, <, > | |
double | 5x10-324 - 1,7x10308 | +, -, /, *, >=, <=, =, <>, <, > | |
extended | 3,4x10-4932 - 1,1x104932 | +, -, /, *, >=, <=, =, <>, <, > | |
boolean | true, false | Not, And, Or, Xor, >=, <=, =, <>, <, > | |
char | ASCII | +, >=, <=, =, <>, <, > |
, .
|
|
..
, , :
- ;
- Ord, ;
- Pred Succ, ;
- Low High, .
. 1 2 (), :
- 1 2 ;
- 2 1 . :
. , , :
- ;
- , ;
- - , - ;
- ;
- - , - .
. .
_( )
, Integer('Z') 'Z' , Byte(534) 22, 534 Word , Byte , .
, , , . "" ( ), ( ) ( ). (, IBM - Digital), .
|
|
, ( , , , ):
CHARACTER ( CHAR)
, ( ASCII);
, .
( ) CHAR . , ASCII 0 < 1 <...< 9 < A < B <...< Z < a < b <...< z; , x 0 <= x <= 9, ; A <= x <= Z, x ; a <= x <= z, x .. .
( ) CHAR - , , . , , CHAR , .
, CHAR (TINY INTEGER) , .
, , , , CHAR.
BOOLEAN , , TRUE () FALSE (). , , . , , , . (& AND), (| OR) (~ NOT), :
TRUE AND TRUE = TRUE
TRUE AND FALSE = FALSE
FALSE AND TRUE = FALSE
FALSE AND FALSE = FALSE
TRUE OR TRUE = TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE = TRUE
FALSE OR TRUE = TRUE
FALSE OR FALSE = FALSE
NOT FALSE = TRUE
NOT TRUE = FALSE
, , : TRUE, FALSE UNKNOWN. SQL-92, , , , ( ):
TRUE AND TRUE = TRUE
TRUE AND FALSE = FALSE
TRUE AND UNKNOWN = UNKNOWN
FALSE AND UNKNOWN = FALSE
TRUE OR TRUE = TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE = TRUE
TRUE OR UNKNOWN = TRUE
FALSE OR UNKNOWN = UNKNOWN
|
|
NOT FALSE = TRUE
NOT TRUE = FALSE
NOT UNKNOWN = UNKNOWN
, (, , ).
, . "0" (FALSE) "1" (TRUE). "0" FALSE, , , TRUE. .
, , . , (, ). n -2(n-1) 2(n-1). .
, 32- , , ++ short integer ( 16-), integer ( , long integer) long integer ( 32-), (char). . , "64-" , LP64, char 8 , short integer 16 , integer 32 long integer long long integer 64 .
. CARDINAL, unsigned . , unsigned char, unsigned short integer, unsigned integer unsigned long integer. unsigned , .
, REAL FLOAT. . . (32-) float ( 16 ), double float ( 32 ) long double float ( 64 ).
16.
Internet , , ( , , ).
|
|
Internet . . , .
( , ). Internet .
- . , .
. , .
, . - (host - ). , Internet, .. Internet , , , .
Internet
, , , ..
Internet -. . . , , .
, Internet - (Internet Service Provider - ISP), . , , . . Internet.
, (IP-), , .
() TCP/IP. TCP/IP Ethernet, FDDI . TCP/IP , IP, . . , , TCP.
, . : telnet, FTP, HTTP, : SMTP, POP, IMAP, MIME.
17.
, , . , . - , . , , ( ), .
, , , . . , , .
- . "", , ().
(, ), , .. . .
|
|
, 50- XX , . .
6070- , , ( ). ().
. (), (, , ).
(Basic), 1964 . , (MSX-Basic, -, QBasic .). Pascal.
1968 . , , .. , . : , , .
1992 . Borland International , : Borland Pascal 7.0 Turbo Pascal 7.0. - MS DOS Windows. 30 2 . 7.0 MS DOS . , , , .
, , . , (). , : . .
, , , , .
, ( ) . .
- . , .