- , . , , . . ( s- - ) f- ( d- ). , . , ( + ). , , l 1, -1, , , 1, - .
- :
- ;
- , , +1;
- ( OF2) -2.
- , , 2,1, ;
- .
, , . , . , , ; , , . , ( ) , .
s- d- () 1-2 . - IV-VII 8 . . ( s- - , d- d- ). , , .
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, , , . . -- , .
() () .
, , .
:
1. : Fe + S = FeS;
4Cr + 3O2 = 2Cr2O3;
Na2O2 + SO2 = Na2SO4.
2. : (NH4)2Cr2O7 = N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O;
2KClO3 = 2KCl + 3O2.
3.
(, ): Cr2O3 + 2Al = Al2O3 + 2Cr;
H2SO4 + Zn = ZnSO4 + H2;
2KJ + Cl2 = 2KCl + J2.
, :
. (, , ..)
. , , :
0 +6 +2 +4
Cu + 2 H2S O4 = Cu S O4 + S O2 + 2 H2O
S , Cu .
. , , :
-2 +4 0
2 H2S + S O2 = 3 S + 2 H2O
S .
().
. . -.
. , , :
-3 +6 t 0 +3
(NH4)2Cr2O7 = N2 + Cr2O3 + 4 H2O
Cr , N .
. , , :
0 -1 +5
3 Cl2 + 6 KOH = 5 K Cl + K Cl O3 + 3 H2O
-1 | |
Cl2 + 2ē =2 Cl | |
+5 | |
Cl2 - 10ē = 2 Cl |
Cl2 .
( ).
-3 +3 t 0
NH4NO2 = N2 + 2 H2O
N .
.
+7 -2 t +6 +4 0
2 K MnO4 = K2Mn O4 + MnO2 + O2
+7 +6 | +7 +6 +4 | |||
Mn + ē = Mn | 2 Mn + 4ē = Mn + Mn | |||
+7 +4 | -2 0 | |||
Mn + 3ē = Mn | 2 O - 4ē = O2 | |||
-2 0 | ||||
2 O - 4ē = O2 |
.
.
1. , :
0 +5 2+ 1+
Zn + HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + N2O + H2O.
. , . 0 +2 (Zn - ), +5 +1 (N ). N2O , 2N. 4. , , :
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+5 +1 | ||
2N + 8ē 2N | ||
0 +2 | ||
Zn -2ē Zn | ||
4Zn + 10HNO3 = 4Zn(NO3)2 + N2O + 5H2O |
2. - , :
K2Cr2O7 + Na2SO3 + H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 +
:
- (. 1);
- , , - :
Cr2O72- + SO32- + H+ Cr3+ + SO42- + H2O
- - , , , , :
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6ē = 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
SO32- + H2O - 2ē = SO42- + 2H+
- , (. 1):
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6ē = 2Cr3+ + 7H2O | |
SO32- + H2O - 2ē = SO42- + 2H+ |
- , :
Cr2O72- + 3SO32- + 14H+ + 3H2O = 2Cr3+ + 3SO42- + 7H2O + 6H+
Cr2O72- + 3SO32- + 8H+ = 2Cr3+ + 3SO42- + 4H2O
- , , :
K2Cr2O7 + 3Na2SO3 + 4H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + 4H2O
- : 32, + 4H2O 8.
- , :
SO32- SO42- | *: ROn+ H2O2ē = ROn+1+ 2H+ | SO32- + H2O - 2ē = SO42- + 2H+ | |
pH<7 | MnO4- Mn2+ | : ROn + 2H++ 2ē = ROn-1+H2O | MnO4-+8H++5ē = Mn2++ 4H2O |
NO2- NO3- | : ROn+2OH--2ē = ROn+1+ H2O | NO2- + 2OH- - 2ē = NO3- + H2O | |
pH>7 | BrO3- Br- | : ROn+H2O+2ē = ROn-1+2OH- | BrO3- + 3H2O + 6ē = Br- + 6OH- |
NO2- NO3- | : ROn+H2O2ē = ROn+1 + 2H+ | NO2- + H2O - 2ē = NO3- + 2H+ | |
pH7 | MnO4- MnO2 | : ROn+H2O+2ē = ROn-1+2OH- | MnO4-+2H2O+3ē=MnO2¯+4OH- |
* ROn (, , , ).
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