I
Miners, environmentalists and regulators i
will meet to discuss critical |
Mining environmental Issues i
rasting international regulations and standards; Management practices and legal obligations; The role of government; Financial implications of a greener world.
The two-hour Workshops will occur on the morning of each day, being scheduled for completion by the start of the main conference proceedings. Papers will be 20 minutes each (to include time for questions after each presentation), with the workshops being divided into three sections; Air/Water Issues, Land Issues, and General Issues. The six papers in each workshop will be devoted to case studies and technical presentations. Consideration is also being given to Poster Displays of relevant technical work.
The Exhibition will offer equipment manufacturers and consultants the opportunity to present their products to the international industry.
Details of papers, speakers and exhibitors will be advised as soon as possible.
For further details please contract:
Mining Journal Ltd,
60 Worship Street, London, U.K.
Telephone:......
Fax:
) , * ,
Unit 9
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Clean, coal
The Russian Clean Coal Summit is going to be held in Moscow from 19 to 23 May 199...
The main topics of this meeting are:
El -// problems of coal production and utilisation
place of coal in energy production balance
coal as source of industry
complex coal process
Modern technologies end ecological aspects of coo/ process
Efficient and Safe Underground Coal Mining Based on the
Latest Achievements in Geomechanics
Coal preparation and handling
Solid fuel combustion
Emission control
By-products from solid fuel utilisation
Coking
Gasification
El Specialists training for Industry of ecologically clean coal processing
models of specialists
ecological education of specialists
systems of additional education and improved qualification
(permanent education)
education in the field of ecological management
El International business co-operation (business symposium)
Participation of European industry in the development of
Russian clean coal technology projects
Co-financing Russian projects by the world's first class fund-
ing sources
. . . !
UNIT 1O Economics and Mining
A. A. Same Concepts of Economies
. . Mineral Markets
B. . US Coal Inamstry Today
(Crossword)
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1. ) :
[:] more, to'ward, in'form, re'source, 'organize [o] wants, be'cause, cost, 'water, 'model [a:] 'service, con'cern, earth, al'ternative, re'fer [If] 'mixture, choice, a'chieve, 'natural, which [fl 'social, 'crucial, e'fficiency, fi'nancial [fan] re'cession, ex'traction, pro'tection, professional, Jnsti'tution, 'national, ad'dition,,satis'faction [w] what, 'whether, with, which, while
6) :
scarce [skeas], scarcity ['skeasiti], society [sa'saiati], require [n-'kwaia], resource [n'so:s], crucial ['krujial], environment [m-'vaiaranmant], entrepreneur [,ontrapra'na:], financial [fai'naenfal], justice ['djAStis], opportunity [x>pa'tju:niti]
2. 1-2 ,
.
| ability[a'billtl] n , allocate['lekeit] v , , (to); allocation[^ela'kei/n] , , , choice[tfois] , , ; to make- , (-.), confront[kan'frAnt] v , |
consume ['] v , ; consumer [kan'sju:ma] ; - goods ; consumption , (, , ..);
cost [kost] , ; ! , ; ~ of production ; capital ~ ; opportunity ~
Unit 10
demand [di'ma:nd] n , , ; ; to be In great ~ , ; syn to require
deposit [di'pDZlt] . ; bank ~
employ [im'pbi] v , ; syn nse, utilize, apply; (); employment n , , , ; ant unemployment
enable [in'eibl] v -. ;
enterprise ['entapraiz] ,
entrepreneur [,1':] , ,
evaluate [I'vejjueit] v , ; evaluation , ,
goods [gudz] pi , ; consumer ~
pay [pel] , , , ; v (paid)
, (, ); ~ back ; ~ for ; ~ in ; ~ out ; payable ['peiabl] , , ; payment ['pennant] , , ; payout ['pei'autj
scarce [skeas] , ; scarcity ['sksasiti] , (of); ,
secure [si'kjua] v , , , , ; security [si'kjuarm] , , , ; securities
supply [sa'plai] ; ! , , , ,
trade [treld] , , ; v (in -., with -.); ~ off , ; trade-off , , ,
3. , . :
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| limit limitation limited unlimited able ability stable stability employ employment unemployment evaluate evaluation |
allocate allocation
act active activity
mix mixture
secure security
value valuable
scarce scarcity
consider consideration considerable inconsiderable
produce producer product production productive productivity
consume consumable consumer consumption
4. , -ity.
1. All economies face scarcity, and all must decide how to allocate scarce resources and distribute goods and services, all face problems of inflation, unemployment, and unsatisfactory rates of growth.
Unit 10
2. The production ability shows the maximum possible amount
of specified goods or services that can be produced by a particular
economy.
3. One of society's primary economic goals is price stability
when the overall level of prices for goods and services remains
relatively constant.
4. Financial security is one of socio-economic goals.
5. . :
| scarcity of resources economic activity four primary economic goals full employment output of goods bank deposit standard of living to examine and evaluate economic problems to include land, labour, capital and entrepreneurial ability |
scarce means of production
alternative use of resources
opportunity cost
price stability
financial security
entrepreneurial ability
individual consumer
to make choice
to produce an output of
goods and services to use resources efficiently to be concerned with scarcity to operate on two levels macroeconomics and microeconomics
6.
:
limited resources; the problem of scarcity; three fundamental economic questions; material well-being; alternative use of resources; price stability; social and political environment; financial security; extraction of minerals; passive resources; national output; bank deposit; inflation and recession; individual consumer; business firm; economic choices; standard of living; to organize and coordinate economic activity; to produce goods and services; to examine and evaluate economic problems; to operate on two levels; to use resources efficiently
7. ,
. , .
Some Concepts of Economics
Economics is the allocation of the scarce means of product* toward the satisfaction of human wants. The basic principle of economics is scarcity, which means that we cannot ever haw
242_____________________________________________ Unit 10
we want of every goods and service. It means that our demands for goods and services are unlimited, while resources on earth are limited. Without the problem of scarcity, there would be no need for the subject of economics.
Societies need a system to organize and coordinate economic activities. Every economic system whether free-market, government-controlled or mixed must answer the three fundamental economic questions:
1. What goods and services will be produced?
2. How will they be produced?
3. For whom will they be produced?
These are three principal types of economic systems, but modern economies are a mixture. Because scarcity does1 confront us, the answers are crucial to our material well-being and to our social and political environment.
In theory, scarce resources can be allocated among alternative users without the employment of markets and prices. This is the so-called command economy or centrally-directed economy in which the government would decide what would be produced, how it would be produced, and for whom it would be produced.
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In free-market economies all decisions about resource allocation are made by households and businesses interacting in markets free of any sort of government intervention. Individuals in market economies pursue their own interests. But there are no completely free-market economies, all real governments affect decisions about resources allocation in many ways and for many reasons.
All modem economies are mixed intermediate between the command and fre^-market extremities. In mked economies, both government decisions and market forces affect the allocation of resources.
It should be noted that there are four primary economic goals
that a society aims to achieve: efficiency, price stability, full
employment and growth. In addition, there are socio-economic goals
which include environment protection, financial security, equity,1
justice and economic freedom. '
Economic resources are often referred to as "the means of production" to produce an output of goods and services. These include land, labour, capital and entrepreneurial ability.
Land. All natural resources including fields, forests, mineral deposits, the sea, water as well as the ground in which these resources are found. Land is used not only for the extraction of minerals but for farming as well.
Unit 10____________________________________________ 243
Labour. All human resources including manual, clerical,3 technical, professional and managerial4 labour.
Capital. The physical means of production including factories, office buildings, tools and equipment. Alternatively: financial capital.
Entrepreneurial ability. The entrepreneur sets up a business, risks his or her own money, gets or loses the profits.
We may consider land, labour and capital passive resources which are combined by the entrepreneur to produce goods and services. A successful undertaking is rewarded by profit, an unsuccessful one is penalized by loss.
Economics operates on two levels, the macrolevel and the microlevel.
Macroeconomics deals with national output, employment, the money supply, bank deposits, and government spending, and how we can deal with inflation and recession.
Microeconomics operates on the level of the individual business firm, as well as that of the individual consumer.
And so what exactly is economics? Basically, economics is a set of tools that enables us to use our resources efficiently. The end result is the highest possible standard of living.
! to do , . , .
Economics does face many
important problems.
.
2equity ,
3clerlcal ( clerk , )
4managerial ,
8. , . .
I.It should be noted that the demands for goods and services are limited.
244_____________________________________________ Unit 10
2. Every economic system must answer three fundamental
economic questions.
3. Socio-economic goals include full employment and growth.
4. As a rule, land, labour and capital are considered active
resources and are not mentioned in the text.
5. The text gives some information on macroeconomics as well
as on microeconomics.
6. It is common to speak of only the three principal types of
economic systems market, centrally-directed and mixed eco
nomies.
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7. All modern economies are free-market.
8. Scarce resources can be allocated among users without
markets.
9.
. .
. : / opinion. I think. I
suppose. In fact. As Is known.
l.Why is scarcity considered to be the basic principle of economics?
2. Can you name the main types of economic systems and
explain how they differ?
3. Why are modern economies a mixture?
4. What are the fundamental economic questions and what does
each of the questions mean?
5. Can you remember the definition of economics? What is it?
6. Is efficiency the only economic goal?
7. What is meant by economic resources?
S.You know that economics operates on two levels. What are these levels called and what do they deal with?
9. What definitions can you give to?
10. :
1. consumption a) Limited resources for production
relative to the wants for goods and services.
2. inflation b) A place where potential sellers of a
good or services make contact with potential buyers.
3. market c) The use of resources to meet
current needs and desires.
4. saving d) A general increase in the level of
prices.
5. Scarcity e) Income that is not spent.
Unit 10
11. ,
: 1) (, ,
); 2) ; 3)
- .
