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Mining and the Environment





(The Absolute Participle Construction)

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Not knowing what to do,

I telephoned the police. (=Because I didn't know what to do,...)


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Oil consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons, some other compounds being also present.


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Unit 9


 


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Good results having been obtained, the researchers could continue the experiment.

At this mine the method of working is longwall, the faces being rather long.


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with:

With Peter working in

London, the house ,

seemed empty. .

1. :

[] ex'tract, 'gravel, 'narrow, 'shallow, 'handle, 'latter

[a:] 'opencast, part, hard, car,,over'cast,,over'casting

[i:] cheap, heap, need, reach

[a] 'shovel, 'number, pump, dump

[ei] 'basic, 'breaking, de'cade, waste, rail

[ou] open, load, un'load, 'process, whole, stone

[au] doubt, mount, power, 'in'side, 'out'side

2. 1-2 ,
.


break [breik] v (broke [brouk], broken ['broukn]) ( ),


; ; ; , ; break out ,


 


Unit 9



 


(. ); ; breakage ,

drill [dnl] ;.; ; ; v ; car ~ ; mounted ~ ; ; drilling

dump [dAmp] (); ; ; external ~ ; Internal ~ ; v ( ); ; ; (); dumper ; ; -; dumping ; ; ; syn tip

environment [in'vai9r(s)nmsnt] ; /

explode [iks'ploud] v , ; explosion [iks'plousn] ; explosive ;

friable ['frawbl] ; ; ; ( )

handle f'haendl] v ; ; ; ; ; ; ; handling ; ; , ; ;

heap [hi:p] v ; ; , -; syn spoil ~, waste ~

hydraulicklng [,hai'dro:likirj] ;


load [loud] v , , ; ; ; loader , , ; ; cutter-loader ,

lorry ['Ion] ; ; syn truck

mention ['men/n] v

overcasting ['ouvaka:stig] - ()

pump [] ; gravel ~ - ; sludge ~ ; v ; ;

reclamation [.rekls'meijn] ; ; ; ~ of land ( )

sidecastiag [ *saidka:stin]

site [salt] , ; building ~

slice [slais] ; slicing ,

strip [strip] v ; ; (); ; ; stripper ; ; stripping , ; ;

unit ['ju:nit] ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

wasbery ['wo/an] ; -;


to attract smb's attention -. not to mention... ...


 


3. </-, :

deformation, demagnetization, demobilization, dewatering



Unit 9


 


4. , . :

dig digger digging load unload loader loading unloading

strip stripper stripping explode explosion explosive

wash washing washery depend dependent dependence independence

consume consuming explore exploration exploring exploratory

friable friability remove removal removable removing

dump dumper dumping produce production productive product

productivity producer

5. :


strip mines

independent mechanical units

access to the deposit

handling equipment

mine cars

friable ground

overburden removal

an extracted area

low-grade deposits

land reclamation


waste heaps

exploratory workings

earth-moving equipment

car drills

gravel and sludge pumps

removal of waste rock

ore concentration plants

trends towards open-cast operations

searching for minerals


6.
:

horizontal slices; type of overburden; the whole production process; the following basic parts; mineral excavation; various mechanical handling equipment; specially equipped permanent stations; in harmony with environment

7. .

.

Open-cast Mining

Minerals at shallow depths are extracted by open-cast mining which is cheaper than underground mining. Open-cast mining consists in removing the overburden, and other strata that lie above mineral or fuel deposits to recover them.

Opencasts or open-pit mines are in fact quarries for getting coal or metalliferous minerals. In the USA opencasts are called strip mines (strip pits).

All the surface excavations, waste heaps and equipment needed for extracting mineral in the open form an independent mining


Unit 9



unit. An opencast is a long, wide and comparatively shallow working though it can reach 200 m or even more in depth.

Fig. 9. Open-cast working

In opencasts the excavation is by horizontal slices corresponding to the type of mineral or overburden in slice. In Fig. 9 one can see the benches (or slices). A bench is a thickness of rock or mineral which is separately broken or excavated. Other open workings are called trenches, which are long, narrow, shallow exploratory workings.

The whole production process in opencasts can be divided into the following basic stages: 1) preparing the site to be worked; 2) de-watering it and preventing inflows of water to the site; 3) providing access (entry) to the deposit by the necessary permanent investment; 4) removal of overburden (stripping); 5) mineral excavation.

Stripping the overburden and mineral production include breaking rock or mineral, transporting it and loading it.

Minerals can often be dug directly by earth-moving equipment, while to break hard rocks it is necessary to use explosives.

Modern methods of working opencasts involve the use of mechanical plants or hydraulicking. The basic units of a mechanical plant are excavators, car drills or other mounted drills, and various mechanical handling equipment whereas the basic units of hydraulicking are monitors, pumps such as sludge pumps or gravel pumps. Hydraulicking can be used in soft or friable ground.

Transport operations involve the removal of waste rock or mineral, the latter being transported to coal washeries, ore concentration plants, to power stations, or to a railway station. Waste rock is removed to a spoil heap or dump (tip) either outside the deposit or in an extracted area, these being called external or internal dumps, respectively.


220______________________________________________ Unit

The transport used in opencasts are rail cars, large lorries, and conveyers. Sometimes the overburden is stripped and dumped by excavators without other transport, in overcasting or sidecasting.

Mineral is usually unloaded at specially equipped permanent stations. Waste rock is dumped at various points which are moved as the work develops.

Summing up, mention should be made of the fact that last decades have seen a marked trend towards open-cast operations. Large near-surface (though usually low-grade) deposits offer the possibility of achieving greater outputs. There can be little doubt that the cost per ton of ore mined by underground methods is generally higher than that for open-cast mining.

At the same time it is necessary to say that although efforts are made to develop mine sites in harmony with the environment, extraction methods produce some disturbances on the Earth's surface which reduce its economic value. In recent years Russia and other countries have developed national programmes for environmental protection. The aim of such programmes applicable to the mining industry is to control and protect natural resources and regulate reclamation and landscape restoration.

8. , .
.

1. An opencast is a long, shallow, narrow exploratory working.

2. Explosives are used for excavating hard rocks.

 

3. Monitors, different types of pumps and other handling
equipment are the basic units used in open-cast operations.

4. Waste rock is always removed to a spoil heap outside the
deposit.

5. Large near-surface, usually low-grade deposits are extracted
by the open-cast method.

6. Open-cast mining has all the advantages of low-cost production.

9. :

1. What deposits can be extracted by the open-cast method?

2. What is called an opencast?

3. What is the difference between a trench and an opencast?

4. Is the removal of overburden the first operation in open-cast
mining?


Unit 9



5. In what case is it necessary to use explosives to break
mineral?

6. Is hydraulicking used only in open-cast mining?
7.What equipment is used in hydraulicking?

8. What transport systems are used in opencasts?

9. Where is waste rock dumped?

10. What is the main advantage of open-cast mining?

10. ) :


1. to consume energy

2. friable roof

3. waste heap (spoil heap)

4. sludge and gravel pumps

5. automatic dumper

6. mounted drill

7. explosives
8-. overcasting

9. slicing method 10. not to mention...


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1. ()

2.

3. ,

4. ()

5.

6. ;

7.

8.

9. -.
10.


) washery

) overburden

) site

) sidecasting

) lorry (truck)

) to attract smb's attention

) landscape restoration

) unit

) stripping ) hydraulicking


11. :


.

1. to attract

2. to dump

3. to extract

4. to offer

5. to prepare

6. to prevent

7. to provide

8. to remove

9. to strip
10. to use


.

) the possibility of (doing smth)

) overburden

) waste rock at special points
r) the site

) the attention

) inflows of water

) mineral

) access (entry) to the deposit
) waste rock to a spoil heap

) explosives


222____________________________________________________ Unit 9

12. :
trench underground mining open-cast mining bench quarry

1. The extraction of coal or ore from the seam or vein without
the removal of overlying strata.

2. A long, wide, comparatively shallow working.

3. A thickness of rock which is separately broken and excavated.

4. A long, narrow, comparatively shallow exploratory working.

5. The extraction of minerals from the exposed area after the
removal of overburden.

13. ) ,
:

1. Mineral reserves suitable () for open-cast mining
in Russia are concentrated mostly in the eastern areas, with only
small per cent of them being found in the European part,
including the Ural Mountains.

2. The discovery of such deposits as coal, shale, iron,
manganese, salts, sulphur, etc. is facilitated by their considerable
dimensions and relatively large aerial distribution, the detection of
concealed () deposits being very much more difficult.

3. The most widely used hydraulic method of mining involves
the use of water jets (), the method being increasingly used
both underground and in quarries. '

4. The type of power which drives mining machines can be
either electricity or compressed air, most mining machines being
electrically driven.

5. Russian coals are of high quality, only 20 per cent being
brown coal.

6. Different kinds of exploratory drilling are used, their choice
depending on the geological conditions of the deposit.

7.The mine being gassy, flameproof equipment had to be used. 8. Reliable communication being essential on the surface and underground, automatic and remote control systems are widely used.

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14. ,
:

1.Large shovels are to be used in strip mines because they can handle all types of mineral, including blocky material.


Unit 9_____________________________________________ 223

2. Draglines are normally used for handling unconsolidated and
softer material, but larger units can handle blasted rock. They may
or may not require waste haulage equipment.

3. Scrapers have good mobility. Their use should be limited to
soft and easily broken material for good production.

4. Bucket-wheel excavators must be widely used in open-cast
mining for stripping overburden and excavating minerals.

5. Many factors have to be taken into consideration in
designing various types of equipment which is to be utilized for
stripping operations.

15. ) , -
.

) , : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) .

16. ,
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