Types of buildings depend on social functions and may be classified according to the role in the community. The types of buildings may be domestic, educational, office, industrial, recreational, etc. The common and necessary conditions are: a) its ability to use by human beings in general and its adaptability to particular human activities; b) the stability and permanence of its construction.
As far as material is concerned buildings can be divided into brick, wood, concrete, and steel buildings.
Brick is an artificial building material made of clay, which is then burnt for hardening. Natural stone is used for footing and foundations, for exterior walls carrying the load.
Buildings made of stone are durable and fire resisting. The floors divide a building into storeys. They may be either of timber or, in brick buildings, reinforced concrete details of big and small sizes. Reinforced concrete homes are produced by a variety of construction methods.
Types of buildings also depend on the property. They may be state-owned, cooperative and private.
Let us see the main stages in constructing a building.
First the excavation is dug for the basement, then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed; after this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint.
The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework. It is intended for safety carrying the loads imposed.
The architect or designer must decide, what the size of the walls, the floors, the beams, the girders and the parts, which make up the framework will be and how they will be placed and arranged.
Foundations serve to keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent them from sinking and setting, which cause cracks in walls and uneven floors.
Floors divide the building into storeys, Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.
The coverings or upper parts of buildings meant to keep out rain and wind and to preserve the interior from exposure to weather are called roofs. They tie the walls and give the construction strength and firmness.
Every building must have a beautiful appearance. The interior should be planned to suit the requirements of the occupants while the exterior must be simple.
Every building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating systems. The water supply and sewerage systems are called plumbing.
Wordlist
| domestic suitability adaptability to carry the load excavation framework a girder to guard sewerage system | отечественный, семейный соответствие адаптируемость, приспособляемость к нести нагрузку земляные работы остов, каркас балка, перекладина, ферма предохранять, защищать канализационная система |
Контрольная работа № 2
Вариант № 4
I. Переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и их заменителями.
1. This trip is too expensive for me. I can’t afford it. 2. Don’t go to the wood alone. You may lose your way. 3. He is able to do it. 4. You must respect your parents. 5. Why did you have to stay at home yesterday? 6. You should work more seriously.
II. Ваш друг собирается снимать квартиру у ваших знакомых. Составьте для него рекомендации, употребив глаголы в повелительном наклонении:
to keep the flat clean, to put out light when you go out, not to smoke in the flat, to pay money in time, not to disturb neighbours by loud music, not to bring too many friends
