1. He is sure to finish his work soon. 2. I saw him open the door. 3. The task is easy for you to do it immediately. 4. A commission was set up to develop cooperation between the two countries. 5. At that time it was difficult for her to continue studying. 6. The mother wanted her children to go shopping.
V. , ; .
1. Greenhouse effect causes global warming. 2. My father is a singer. 3.It rained heavily. 4. Many wild animal and birds are disappearing now. 5. Water flowers, please! 6. Put these flowers on windowsill.
VI. , ; .
1. He lives in a 9 storeyed building. 2. There are 37 big enterprises in the city. 3. The 1st flight into outer space was in the 20th century. 4. She knows 5 languages. 5. This is room number 22. 6. They own 3 restaurants.
VII. , .
From the History of Building in Russia
What do we know about Russia?
Its territory was covered with thick forests. Even in those days men found the ways of using wood as a building material. They tied together the tops of several trees and covered them with the hides (skins) of animals.
The primitive peoples first houses were tents and mud-huts, later on peasant houses appeared.
In Russia most of the buildings were made of timber. The carpenters of the Russian city of Novgorod were famed for their skill. Carpenters and builders, they erected peasant houses, fortress walls and towers, windmills, churches, chapels and even palaces. They built thousands of villages and a large number of towns mainly with axes.
Relics of the carpenters skill art of truly fork origin have been presented to our days. Remember Novgorod and Kijhy, Karelia and Arkhangelsk.
Tyumen was originally built up with small primitive houses in the tradition of peasant style. Later on two-storeyed houses appeared. They were decorated with large windows, balustrades, balconies, and pavilion roofs, instead of gable, carvings and bay windows.
Tyumen carvers worked out their own style of urban wooden architecture imbued with great expressive force and noble aspirations.
Unfortunately, we have but scant knowledge about remarkable craftsmen, their life and background.
We can name only some of them: Vasili Knyazhev the dean of master craftsmen, who was reputed to be an expert-maker of trunks, tubs barrels and accordions. Vasili Privalov (the early 20th century), and Peter Lebedev (1877-1923). The last was best known for his skill in carving sunken designs, a method that differed in principle from the fretwork technique.
There were three basic variants of the craft most wide spread in Tyumen: carving in depth, appliqué carvings and saw or fretwork.
Carving in depth is said to be closest to the popular tradition and has this advantage that it leaves the wooden block imperforated.
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Carving of the appliqué type is first of all noted for its outstanding relief characteristics, each element of the composition is executed separately and only then it is secured (applied) to a common ground.
The third variety of carving, as wooden lacework, is usually done according to standard patterns.
The Tyumen style of architectural carving differs in many ways from that of other towns of Siberia and of the European part of Russia.
Wordlist
| mud-hut peasant house timber an axe pavilion (gable) roof carving carving in depth appliqué carving saw (fretwork) to work out a style of urban wooden architecture to imbue | () , () , , () |
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