I. . : .
II. Circular Flow of Payments and National Income.
I. .
:
1) : to seem, to appear (, -), to prove, to turn out (), to happen (), to be likely (), to be unlikely (, ), to be certain, to be sure (, , ). :
This company proved to contribute lot to the pension fund. , .
Unemployment benefits are unlikely to serve as incentives for men to look for jobs. .
Progressive taxation seems to be the most wide-spread. , -, .
2) : to know (), to say (), to think (), to believe (), to consider (, , ), to expect (, ), to report (), to suppose (), to find (, ), to assume (, ), to presume (, ). :
This firm is said to receive high profits. , .
This new business was believed to improve the situation in the market. , .
This practice has been found to require new capital investments. , .
, , , , .
1. , :
- The budget deficit is known to be the excess of government expenditure over government revenue.
- Markets are said to bring together buyers and sellers of goods and services.
- The massive influx (. ) of women into the labour force is sometimes assumed to result in unemployment.
- Alcohol and tobacco are usually believed to be products with a very inelastic demand.
- An increase in the wage rate is expected to reduce the quantity of labour demanded.
- A subsidy is known to be money or other resources provided by the government to support a business activity or a person.
- Demand for imports is expected to rise when domestic income and output rise.
- High unemployment rate in Europe is assumed to result from high unemployment benefits.
- The private sector is normally considered to use resources more productively than the government.
- Social security payments and unemployment benefits are known as transfer payments.
- It is known that taxes raised at the national level, such as income tax or VAT (value added tax), are usually supplemented () by local taxes.
- More people have been found to choose to stay unemployed in countries with very high tax rates.
- Chemical and steel workers know their earnings to increase more than those in textile and trade sectors.
- The UK government is known to take nearly 40 percent of national income in taxes.
- Macroeconomics is concerned with demand for goods by households or the total spending on machinery and buildings by firms.
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2. , , :
- Labour, machinery, raw materials, energy are known as inputs.
- Labour, machinery, raw materials, energy are known to be inputs.
- The Gross National Product per head is considered when living standards are measured.
- It was supposed that the transportation problems of the firm would be solved in the near future.
- Every producer is supposed to study the market carefully before starting the production of new goods.
- Taxes are assumed to redistribute incomes within an economy.
- It appears that electronic commerce is one of the most developed markets.
- Rapid introduction of credit cards all over Russia is unlikely at present.
- New banking services seem to come into life rapidly.
- Positive economics is sure to play an essential part in social life.
- High tech industries prove to bring in a considerable share of national income in the USA.
II. .
