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12




I. . : .

II. there.

III. Factors of Production.

 

I. , , . :

1. :

The employers refusal to raise wages resulted in a strike. .

2. , . , . , , (to be used, to be produced ..):

The Gross National Product per head is an important characteristic to be considered in determining living standards. , .

3. , . , . , , :

raise the living standards of population is the goal to be only reached under conditions of economic growth. , .

 

1. , . , :

  1. Depreciation decreases amounts to be consumed and invested.
  2. The firm should change its production cycle to lower costs.
  3. Too high prices of resources to be used in production is the problem of many enterprises.
  4. Governments borrow money from firms and individuals to finance their spending.
  5. How much more efficiently than the government the private sector uses resources remains a problem to discuss.
  6. To keep the economy as close as possible to full employment is an essential aim for the government to reach.
  7. Larger investments in production expansion result in smaller amounts to be saved and to be distributed as dividends.
  8. Durable goods are goods to be used in production in future or to be consumed over a long period of time.
  9. A person starting his own business should have some financial capital to support the firms operation before any revenue is earned.
  10. Farmers normally attract additional labour force to be used at harvest time.
  11. The value of the total output to be produced in the public sector and the private sector will make up the gross national product.
  12. Depreciation decreases amounts to be consumed and invested.
  13. Too high prices of resources to be used in production is the problem of many enterprises.
  14. When people lose jobs, they do not immediately make a decision to cut down consumption.
  15. Although money is a helpful tool to measure output, there may arise certain difficulties.

 

II. there is (are) there , . to be :

Present Simple:

There are various forms of money. .

Past Simple:

Some years ago there were a lot of command economies in the world. .

Future Simple:

There will be a sale in this supermarket. .

to be, there . , there should, there must, there can, there may, there exist, there come, there live :

There exist different forms of business organization. .

There lived very primitive tribes on those islands. .

There may be a fall in price for the goods in the near future. .

 

2. , there:

  1. Since the 1960s there has been an increasing tendency for population to move from city centres to the countryside.
  2. Although in a perfect market there should always be a variety of sellers, large numbers of sellers are not always available in the real life.
  3. There must be equilibrium between demand for and supply of goods.
  4. In the United States, there live at present over two hundred million people.
  5. There is clearly seen a tendency to put less weight on the government's role in an economy than in the past.
  6. There have recently been offered nationwide schemes providing incentives for industrial investment.
  7. There may be a number of ways to solve the problem of scarce information resources.
  8. There exists considerable unemployment in some economies while a lot of vacancies (, ) cannot be filled.
  9. In the 1980s, there continued a rise in the GN P per person in all groups of countries.
  10. Since government intervention in agriculture has grown, there have occurred considerable changes in grain markets both of the USA and Europe.
  11. There is a large amount of economic activity that cannot be measured, such as household services and the underground economy.
  12. There exists close () relationship between minimum wages and standard of living.
  13. If there is a subsidy for housing, there may be an incentive for the landowner to transfer land from farming to housing.
  14. There is unequal () income distribution within each country as well as between (different) countries.

 

III. .

 

 





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