- .
1. . that.
Example: : The judge says, The defendant is guilty. : The judge says (that) the defendant isguilty.
2. , . (1- 3- ; 2- 1- 3- .)
Example: Citizen B. says, My human rights and freedoms areviolated. Citizen B. says that his rights and freedoms are violated.
3. ) - .
Example: Call the police immediately! the robbed woman cried. The robbed woman cried to call the police immediately.
) 1- not + .
Example: Dont threaten my key witness! the lawyer shouted. Thelawyer shouted not to threaten his key witness.
4. , - - (the Sequence of Tenses). .
, Present Indefinite - Past Indefinite:
Example: A police officer said, I investigate serious crimes. A policeofficer said he investigated serious crimes.
Present Continuous Past Continuous:
Example: A police officer said, I am investigating serious crimes. A police officer said he was investigating serious crimes.
Present Perfect Past Perfect:
Example: A police officer said, I have investigated serious crimes. A police officer said he had investigated serious crimes.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous:
Example: A police officer said, I have been investigating seriouscrimes. a police officer said he had been investigating serious crimes.
Past Indefinite Past Perfect:
Example: A police officer said, I investigated serious crimes. A po-lice officer said he had investigated serious crimes.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous:
Example: A police officer said, I was investigating serious crimes. A police officer said he had been investigating serious crimes.
Future Indefinite Future in the Past:
Example: A police officer said, I will investigate serious crimes. A police officer said he would investigate serious crimes.
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Future Continuous Future Continuous in the Past:
Example: A police officer said, I will be investigating serious crimes. A police officer said he would be investigating serious crimes.
Future Perfect Fu-ture Perfect in the Past:
Example: A police officer said, I will have investigated seriouscrimes. A police officer said he would have investigated serious crimes.
Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous -.
Example: A police officer said, I had investigated serious crimes. A police officer said he had investigated serious crimes.
Example: A police officer said, I had been investigating seriouscrimes. A police officer said he had been investigating serious crimes.
5. Past Indefinite Past Continuous , - .
Example: The Foreign Minister said, The International agreement oncooperation was signed on October 9, 2003. The Foreign Minister said that the International agreement on cooperation was signed on October 9, 2003.
6. - (universal truth), -.
Example: Delivering a lecture on the intellectual property the professorsaid, Copyright is the body of law that deals with the ownership and use of works of literature, music and art. Delivering a lecture on the intellectual property the professor said that copyright is the body of law that deals with the ownership and use of works of literature, music and art.
7. , - , - .
This () that (). These () those (). Now () then ().
Today () that day ( ).
Tomorrow () the next day ( ). The day after tomorrow () two days later (
).
Yesterday () the day before ().
The day before yesterday () two days before ( ).
Month ago ( ) month before ( ).
Last month ( ) the previous month ( ).
Here () there ().
