1. (often, usually, always, sometimes, seldom) bills are discussed,people are injured, our conduct is regulated, laws are enforced, this TV programme is watched, goods are bought;
2. now (at the moment of speech) bill is being discussed, laws are beingkept in the society together, the car is being driven on the left side of the road;
3. already, by now (by the moment of speech) the law has beenformulated, the court has been authorized to complete the investigation, he has been injured, the dispute has been resolved;
4. last , ago, in 1997 (date) laws were created long ago, last weekhe was punished; capital punishment was abolished in the early 1960s.
3. , . Model:
Sometimes people break laws.
Laws are sometimes broken by people.
1. Police investigate crimes.
2. The State Duma makes laws.
3. Courts resolve disputes.
4. Police arrested a criminal yesterday.
5. The Parliament has already passed the law.
6. Some laws provide for benefits for workers injured.
7. Informal rules of conduct already existing in society often form go-vernment-made laws.
.
1. Law (defines, is defined) as a rule of human conduct, imposed upon and enforced among, the members of the state.
2. Laws (codified, were codified) in many countries.
3. Laws (are enforced. have been enforced), and such enforcement usu-ally (carries out, is carried out) by the state.
4. A defendant (refuses, refused) to obey law, so he (is punished, was punished).
5. Law (has, have) several aims which (concern, are concerned) mainly with making society more stable.
6. If people (disobey, will disobey) the rules the law (threatens, is threa-tened) them with something unpleasant often called a sanction.
7. In England there (is, are) a rule that a man must not wear a hat in church or that one must stand up when God Save the Queen(plays, is played).
.
TEXT
Law and Society
When the world was at a very primitive stage of development there were no laws to regulate life of people. If a man chose to kill his wife or if a woman succeeded in killing her husband that was their own business and no one interfered officially.
But things never stay the same. The life has changed. We live in a complicated world. Scientific and social developments increase the tempo of our daily living activities, make them more involved. Now we need rules and regulations which govern our every social move and action. We have made laws of community living.
Though laws are based on the reasonable needs at the community we often dont notice them. If our neighbour plays loud music late at night, we probably try to discuss the matter with him rather than consulting the police, the lawyer or the courts. When we buy a TV set, or a train ticket or loan money to somebody a lawyer may tell us it represents a contract with legal obligations. But to most of us it is just a ticket that gets us on a train or a TV set to watch.
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Only when a neighbour refuses to behave reasonably or when we are injured in a train accident, the money wasnt repaid, the TV set fails to work and the owner of the shop didnt return money or replace it, we do start thinking about the legal implications of everyday activities.
You may wish to take legal action to recover your loss. You may sue against Bert who didnt pay his debt. Thus you become a plaintiff and Bert is a defendant. At the trial you testified under oath about the loan. Bert, in his turn, claimed that it was a gift to him, which was not to be returned. The court after listening to the testimony of both sides and considering the law decided that it was a loan and directed that judgment should be entered in favour of you against Bert.
Some transactions in modern society are so complex that few of us would risk making them without first seeking legal advice. For example, buying or selling a house, setting up a business, or deciding whom to give our property to when we die.
On the whole it seems that people all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other. Multinational companies employ lawyers to ensure that their contracts are valid whenever they do business.
6. / , - .
Model: a) I think it is true. The text tells us that
b) To my mind, it is false because
1. We usually think about the legal implications of everyday activities.
2. Few of us would risk making transactions without first seeking legal advice.
3. People all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other.
4. Even though the TV set fails to work and the owner of the shop didnt return your money or replace the TV set, we dont start thinking of taking legal advice.
5. When you buy a train ticket a lawyer may tell you it represents a contract with legal obligations.
6. You may not sue against the person who didnt pay his debt.
7. The defendant accuses a plaintiff.
8. The court may listen to the testimony of one party.
9. All transactions in modern society are very complex.
10. Nobody should have basic knowledge of law.
.
1. Were there any laws when the world was at a very primitive stage of development?
2. Why do we need rules and regulations nowadays?
3. Do we notice laws? Why?
4. When do we start thinking about the legal implications of our everyday activities?
5. In what case may we sue against Bert?
6. Where do we testify under oath?
7. Did Bert win or lose the case?
8. In what cases do people seek legal advice?
9. Why do companies employ lawyers?
