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The results of the experiment being successful, the scientists continued their experiments. - , .

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Heart transplant operation has a long history, the first successful operation performed in South Africa by Dr. Barnard.- , .

 

A. Pleuritis

Primary pleuritis occurs rarely, usually being caused by traumatic perforation of the thoracic wall.

In the early, acute, dry stage of pleuritis respiratory movements are restricted, the respiration being rapid and shallow. The second stage of pleuritis is characterized by the production of sero-fibrinous inflammatory exudate collecting in the pleural sacs and causing collapse of the ventral parts of the lungs, thus reducing vital capacity and interfering with gaseous exchange. In the third stage the fluid is desorbed and adhesions develop, restricting the movement of the lungs and chest wall, interference with respiratory exchange being usually minor and disappearing gradually as the adhesions stretch with continuous movement. In the early stages the respiratory movements are markedly abdominal and movement of the chest wall is restricted. The animal stands with its elbows abducted and is disinclined to move. On auscultation pleuritis friction sounds are audible. They are dry and abrasive, and do not abate with coughing. They may be difficult to identify if there is a coincident pneumonia accompanied by rales and increased vesicular murmur.

 

Vocabulary List

pleuritis (n) - auscultation (n) - ,

primary (a) -

shallow (a) - abrasive (a) -

vital capacity - a bate (v) - , ,

interfere (v) - cough (n) -

adhesion (n) - , audible (a) - ,

stretch (v) - rales (n) -

continuous (a) - vesicular murmur -

elbow (n) -

Exercise 1. Translate the text A into Russian.

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions to the text "Pleuritis" Part A.:

1. Does primary pleuritis occur rarely?

2. Is it usually of traumatic origin?

3. What is respiration in the early stage?

4. What kind of exudate collects in pleural sacs in the second stage of the disease?

5. What is the role of adhesions in the third stage?

6. What respiratory movement is observed in the early stages?

7. What is the behaviour () of the animal in this case?

8. What happens on auscultation?

9. When friction sounds are difficult to identify?

 

B. Pleuritis

The pleuritis involving the pleural surface of the pericardial sac, a friction rub may be heard with each cardiac cycle and be confused with the friction rub of pericarditis. Pressure on the chest usually causes pain. The temperature and pulse rate are usually elevated, the degree varying with the virulence of the causative agent. Toxemia, with anorexia and depression, is also present in most cases. The exudation causing separation of the inflamed pleural surfaces, the pain and friction rub diminish but do not completely disappear.

The respiratory rate decreases, still being above normal. On auscultation there may still be friction sounds but they are less evident and usually localized to small areas. There is dullness on percussion, the dull area having a level top line, and percussion sounds are transmitted clearly through the fluid. Dyspnoea is evident, particularly during inspiration, and a pleuritic ridge develops at the costal arch due to elevation of the ribs and the abdominal-type respiration. Death may occur from asphyxia.

Vocabulary List

pericardial sac - confuse (v) - ,

,

friction rub - dullness -

dull area - causative agent -

dyspnoea - sound -

evident (a) inflamed surface -

abdominal respiration -

pleuritic ridge - costal arc -

 

Exercise 3. Read and translate the text "Pleuritis" Part B.

Exercise 4. Render the text "Pleuritis" Part B answering the questions:

1. ?

2. ?

3. ?

4. ?

5. ?

6. ?

7. ?

Lesson 13





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