Suckling animals will receive plenty of vitamin A in the milk if their dams are fed suitable rations. When they are weaned, care must be taken that sufficient of this vitamin is furnished by well-cured hay, good pasture or other green feed or by yellow corn.
In the case of calves that have been changed from whole milk to skim-milk or milk substitutes at an early age it is especially important to furnish them with choice, green-coloured hay as soon as they will eat it to provide both vitamin A and vitamin D. Young stock on pasture will not suffer from lack of vitamin D, because of the effect of the ultra-violet rays in sunlight.
Under winter conditions, however, young pigs are often severely crippled or even paralyzed by rickets caused by a lack of this vitamin. Also calves often suffer from rickets and they are stunted and badly deformed as a result. These conditions can usually be entirely prevented by the use of well-cured legume hay. Lambs rarely have rickets, probably because they eat much hay, and all good shepherds make a special effort to supply them with hay of good quality.
With the exception of poultry, which need particularly liberal amounts of riboflavin, there is generally no lack of the other vitamins in the rations that are commonly fed to young stock.
Vocabulary List
corn stunted (a) , ,
cereal (a) - shepherd (n) - acyx
skim milk to take care - a
dam - wean (v) aep
substitute (v) - weaning -
ray (n) - conceive (v) -
purify (v) - whole milk
Exercise 4. Read and translate the text "Vitamins Required for Growth".
Exercise 5. Render the text using the following plan:
1. .
2. , D .
3. D .
4. D.
5. .
6. ( , D)?
Lesson 6
A. Shipping Fever
Bovine shipping fever is an infectious respiratory disease. It is somewhat comparable clinically to influenza in man, but it has a longer incubation period and is primarily a disease of the lungs.
It has been a major disease of cattle for at least half a century. In some years it probably has caused the death of more young cattle that any other disease.
Because its primary cause has not been determined, it has never been given a fully satisfactory name.
Shipping fever usually is associated with the shipping of animals. It often spreads during transportation of native stock, and it occurs occasionally in unmoved cattle. At one time it was called stockyard disease because the animals frequently had passed through stockyards.
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It also has been called "haemorrhagic septicemia", but that name seems to have little justification because it does not indicate the cause or the primary characteristics of the disease.
Haemorrhages are rather common, but septicemia, infection in the blood stream, is present only in the later stages, if at all. When the true cause of shipping fever is established, a more appropriate name may be applied.
Vocabulary List
bovine (adv) - , stockyard - ,
( . bos, bovis - )
shipping fever - justification - . ship (v) -
haemorrhage - , shipping - ,
if at all - .- ()
somewhat (adv.) ,
apply (v) - ,
determine (v) - , appropriate(adv) - ,
associate (v) c -. associated-
native stock - feed lot -
stock - .- deficiency (n) - ,
cattle environment (n)
feeder cattle () avoid (v) -
Exercise 1. Read the text "Shipping Fever" Part A and answer the following questions:
1. What kind of a disease is Shipping Fever?
2. Does it cause heavy losses?
3. What is Shipping Fever associated with?
4. Is the name "haemorrhagic septicemia" appropriate for Shipping Fever?
Exercise 2. Answer the following questions in Russian and in English:
1. Is shipping fever an infectious disease?
2. Does it resemble influenza in man?
3. Has the primary cause of the disease been determined?
4. Why was the disease called stockyard one?
5. Are haemorrhages and septicemia common in shipping fever?
6. Is the true cause of shipping fever established?
Exercise 3. Translate the text "Shipping Fever" Part A. into Russian.
B. Shipping Fever
Shipping fever occurs in all parts of the world. It may affect cattle of any age or type. A few or most of the animals in a herd may be affected. It is particularly prevalent in feeder cattle just after they have been moved from the range or from their home environment to the feed lot.
It may occur in any season, but most cases are in fall, when most of the movement occurs. The crowded feeder cattle traffic lanes apparently become quite contaminated, thus increasing the exposure of the animals to all infections. Stockyards, sales barns and other yards, railroad cars, trucks and other vehicles, and private feeder yards become contaminated. It is possible that healthy-looking or recovered animals may carry and spread the infection.
Stress conditions are major predisposing factors for shipping fever, especially the excitement, exhaustion, and changes of feed and water that attend the shipping of animals. Irritation of the respiratory mucous membrane by dust stirred up during movement, overcrowding, long periods without feed and water, and weather changes also frequently are predisposing factors.
Calves weaned just before being shipped seem to be most susceptible, probably because they are more excitable and because they experience more marked feed changes than older cattle. Resistance increases with the age of the animals.
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Good physical condition seems to afford little protection against incurring shipping fever, but it undoubtedly is a factor in avoiding complications and serious losses. Poorly nourished and highly parasitized animals usually are more seriously affected and less responsive to treatment. Deficiencies, particularly of vitamin A, could also be expected to reduce the resistance of the animals against respiratory infection.
Vocabulary List
contaminate (v) - spread (v) - ()
determine (v) - afford protection -
associate (v) -
predisposing factor - excitement
exhaustion ,
complication (n) - irritate (v) -
susceptible (adv) -
incurable (adv) - recover (v) -
Exercise 4. Read and translate the text "Shipping Fever" Part B
Exercise 5. Render the text, dwelling on the following points;
1. , , .
2. , .
3. , , .
4. .
5. .
Lesson 7
A. Malignant Edema
Malignant edema is a wound infection that usually is quickly, fatal. It is marked by painful gangrenous swellings and severely toxic symptoms.
It is caused by a spore-forming, rod shaped germ, Clostridium septicum. The organism resembles the germ that causes blackleg; both grow only in the absence of oxygen. Therefore the infection usually enters the body through wounds caused by puncture or laceration. The infection develops in the injured tissue.
The germs are widely scattered in the top layers of soil. Animals kept in dusty, unsanitary surroundings may get the disease following hypodermic injections, surgical operations, parturition and accidental wounds.
Horses, cattle, and sheep are most susceptible. Swine, dogs, and cats are rarely affected.
Malignant edema can be transmitted to rabbits, guinea pigs, white rats, mice and pigeons under experimental conditions.
Vocabulary List
malignant edema - injury (n)
pain (n) - , injure(v) - ,
painful (a) - scatter (v) - ()
swelling (n) - top (n)
rod shaped (a) - layer (n) -
resemble (v) - soil (n) -
blackleg (n) - ()
dusty (a) -
absence (n) - surroundings (n) pl.. -
transmit (v) -
puncture (n) - parturition (n) -
laceration (n) - accidental (a) -
Exercise 1. Read, translate and analyze grammatically the text
"Malignant Edema" Part A.
Exercise 2. Read the text "Malignant Edema" and answer the following questions:
1. What is said about Clostridium septicum in the text?
2. What animals are susceptible to the disease?
Exercise 3. Answer the questions to the text in Russian and then in English:
1. Is malignant edema a wound infection?
2. Is the disease fatal?
3. What are the symptoms of the disease?
4. What is the cause of malignant edema?
5. How does the infection enter the body?
6. Are the germs scattered in the top layers of soil?
7. What animals are rarely affected with the disease?
B. Malignant Edema
The first symptoms of malignant edema are usually observed in 12 to 36 hours after the infection enters the body. There are hot, painful swellings at the points of infection, high fever and loss of appetite, a drop in milk secretion, severe depression, difficult breathing, and convulsions before death. Most affected animals die 1 or 2 days after the symptoms appear. Malignant edema is diagnosed with difficulty because it may be mistaken for blackleg, anthrax, haemorrhagic septicemia, or other types of gas edema.
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Laboratory tests are the only conclusive method of distinguishing malignant edema from similar types of infection. The following points of difference between malignant edema and blackleg may be of some help in making a tentative diagnosis. Malignant edema affects cattle of all ages. It generally starts from a wound. The gangrenous swellings appear at the point of injury. The swellings, which develop rapidly, are usually extensive and doughy; they pit when they are pressed and discharge a reddish, gelatin like substance mixed with gas bubbles when they are opened.
Blackleg affects young animals. It is rare in animals more than 2 years old. It is caused by minute, invisible puncture wounds. The swellings appear mostly over the muscles of the hind or front quarters, and emit a crackling sound on pressure. They discharge a frothy, dark-red exudate with an odor like that of rancid butter, when they are incised.
Vocabulary List
discharge (v) () quarter (n) ,
pressure (n) frothy ()
odor (n) incise (v)
doughy () puncture(n)-
blackleg (n) ()
Exercise 4. Read and translate the text "Malignant Edema" Part B. using a dictionary.
Exercise 5. Retell the text "Malignant Edema" Part B. in English, answering the following questions:
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
Lesson 8
A. Nephrosis
Nephrosis includes degenerative and inflammatory lesions of the renal tubules. Uraemia is developed acutely or as the terminal stage after a chronic illness manifested by polyuria, dehydration and loss of weight.
Most cases of nephrosis are caused by exogenous or endogenous toxins. Mercury poisoning is the classical cause but nephrosis also follows poisoning with arsenic, oxalate and in overdosing with sulphonamides, especially when water intake is restricted.
In acute nephrosis there is obstruction ofglomerular filtrate through the tubules and an obstructive oliguria and uraemia develop. In chronic cases there may be impairment of tubular resorption of solutes and fluids with an attendant polyuria.
The presence of protein in a urine of high specific gravity is accompanied by high levels of urea nitrogen in the blood in acute nephrosis.
Vocabulary List
nephrosis inflammatory-
renal tubules- uraemia-
terminal stage mercury (n)
arsenic (n)- oxalate (n)-
obstruction (n) , oliguria (n)-
glomerular (a) -
impair (v)- , impairment (n)-
solute (n) - specific gravity-
Exercise 1. Read the text "Nephrosis" and answer the following questions (in Russian):
1. What does nephrosis include?
2. What are the causes of nephrosis?
3. What are the acute and chronic forms characterized with?
4. What does urine analysis show in acute cases?
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Exercise 2. Answer the following questions in Russian and in English:
1. What lesions occur in nephrosis?
2. How does uraemia develop?
3. What are most cases caused by?
4. What impairments develop in acute nephrosis?
5. What impairment may occur in chronic cases?
6. What is present in the urine and blood of acute cases?
Exercise 3. Translate the text into Russian.
B. Nephritis
Embolic suppurative nephritis may occur after any septicaemia or bacteriemia when bacteria lodge in renal tissue but is most commonly associated with valvular endocarditis.
Localization of single bacterial cells or bacteria in small clumps in renal tissue causes the development of embolic suppurative lesions.
Emboli which block vessels larger than capillaries cause infarction in which portions of kidney, the size varying with the caliber of the vessel which is occluded, are rendered acutely ischemic. These infarcts are not usually so large that the residual renal tissue cannot compensate fully and they usually cause no clinical signs. If the urine is checked repeatedly for the presence of protein and erythrocytes, the sudden appearance of proteinuria, casts and microscopic hematuria without other signs of renal disease suggests the occurrence of a renal infarct. The gradual enlargement of focal embolic lesions leads to the development of toxemia and gradual loss of renal function. Clinical signs usually develop only when the emboli are multiple and destroy much of the renal parenchyma.
Enlargement of the kidney may be palpable on rectal examination. If the causative bacteria can be isolated and their sensitivity to standard antibiotics and sulphonamides determined, control of early cases of embolic nephritis can usually be effective.
Bacteriological examination of the urine is advisable at intervals after treatment is completed to ensure that the infection has been completely controlled.
Vocabulary List
suppurative (a)-,
embolic (a)- lodge (n)-
valvular (a)- clump (n)-
emboli pl embolus ( )
caliber (n)- occlude(v)- ,
appearance (n)- . casts(n)- ( )
focal (a)-, parenchyma (n)-
ensure (v)-,
Exercise 4. Read and translate the text "Nephritis".
Exercise 5. Render the text "Nephritis", answering the following questions:
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
Lesson 9
(Infinitive)
to .
, .
:
| Indefinite | Continuous | Perfect | ||||||
| Active | To to | translate write | to to | be be | translating writing | To to | have have | translated written |
| Passive | To to | be translated be written | To to | have have | been translated been written |
, , .
wants to add vitamin A to the diet of calves. - .
We try to study well. - .
, :
1. (
).
treat advanced cases of diseases is difficult.- () .
2. (
), :
) - (-
" " " ";
):
The task of the veterinarian was to find the source of infection.
,
.
) :
Zootechnicians have to add vitamins to the diet of animals.
.
3. ( , ).
wanted to begin the experiment yesterday. O .
4. :
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) :
I have no possibility to change the animals' diet. - ,
) , , :
The students to have their practice at the dairy farm have come. - , ( ) , .
The article to be translated.- , .
(to be found, to be observed ..) :
This is the book to be found in any shop - , .
() :
has a good remedy to use in the clinic - ( ) .
5. ( in order, so as). , , :
escape vitamin deficiency, one must give proper diet to the animals.- , .
has come to the farm (in order) to examine the calves.- , .
, :
( ) - Complex Object , (to believe, to consider, to know, to allow, to cause .). , (to feel, to hear, to see, to watch) to, .
, , , , .
We know him to be a specialist in vitamin deficiency. - , .
I saw the professor perform the operation. - , .
wanted Mr.Smith to be invited to the party. - , - .
( ) Complex Subject. - , , : to see, to hear, to order, to allow, to know, to suppose, to report, , to appear, to seem, to prove, to happen, to use.
Complex Subject - , , , , , .
, - () , , ... , :
is known to be a specialist in vitamin deficiency.- ,
, . (, ).
They were seen to go home together. - , .
All the materials were ordered to be returned within five days. , .
: to appear, to seem, to prove, to happen, to use, Complex Subject , : -, , , .
to appear + Inf. -,
to prove + Inf.
to seem + Inf. ,
to use + Inf.
This remedy proved to be very effective - , .
appears to know that method very well. - , -, .
My friend uses to read newspapers in the evening.- .
The doctor happened to be at home - (), .
to seem, to appear, to prove, to turn out, to happen there Complex Subject: there .
There appears to be a change in his condition. -, .
would seem, would appear, , , , .
The procedure would seem to give good results. - , .
The interaction of these three variables would appear sufficient. -
.
Complex Subject : to be likely -, to be unlikely - , to be certain -, to be sure . .
This pig is likely to suffer from vitamin deficiency.
- , , .
The patient is unlikely to recover soon. - .
Complex Subject .
They are believed to work (to be working /to have worked) at this problem. - , ( , ) .
Complex Subject not , .
This phenomenon does not appear to have been studied.
-, .
Complex Subject , .
This reaction was not expected to start at lower temperatures. - He , .
