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, 4 02.06.11.
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, 2011
Lesson 1
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The teacher asks the student. ---- The student asks the teacher.
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, . , , , .
. Normally () such ( ) skeletons () of animals ( ) are composed () chiefly () of minerals () essential for building the bones ( ).
, , . . are compos ed , : to be (are) ed.
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. skeletons. (normally) . , , , (chiefly). , .. , , , .
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1. To build the skeleton and other parts of the body calcium and phosphorus are required.
2. Calcium and phosphorus are required to build the skeleton and other parts of the body.-
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. , , :
1. to be: (am, is, are, was, were) :
They are feeding the animals. (Present Continuous) - ( ).
The skeleton is chiefly composed of minerals (Present Simple Passive) - .
The animal was operated yesterday. (Past Simple Passive) - .
Such ration is the cause of rickets. ( to be ).
2. to have: (have, has, had) .
Rickets has developed in these lambs due to a lack of calcium. (Present Perfect Active) - .
Legume hay had been given to the animals throughout the winter. (Past Perfect Passive) - .
2.1. Have + to
The veterinarian had to operate at once - .
2.2. Have , .
Animals have mostly four legs. -
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3. to do: (do, does, did)
He did not work at the farm in the summer. - .
Do the cows eat legume hay? - ?
4. : shall/will.
The pigs will have anemia due to a lack of iron. - .
5. : can, could, may, might, must, ought (to), need, should, would.
We can find several components in the proteins. - .
Blood must carry oxygen to all parts of the body. - .
, , (Past Simple) , . :
to write wrote written.
to go went gone.
Wrote, went , . . - .
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t feed fed fed.
t bring brought brought.
to put put put.
Fed, brought, put , . . , (put).
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1. The veterinarians saw the results at one of the farms, ().
2. The cattle went to new pastures for the growing season, ().
3. The calves ate legume hay throughout the winter, (, ).
4. The animals grew rather quickly on that pasture, ().
Exercise 1. Define a predicate in following sentences (as explicit predicate or implicit one)
1. Our laboratory works vary completely in comparison with those of the neighbors. 2. A well managed modern farm loses until the half of yield due to epidemic.3. The average increase in book prices since 1991 runs about 80%. 4. He spared no time that day for talk with colleagues. 5. Chairs had been brought in for the participants from another room. 6. Small animals can be very amusing. 7. These buildings date back to the 17-th century.
Summer
Summer is the hottest season of the year. Last summer was very warm, so I could enjoy good weather while staying in the country with my relatives. Many people left dusty towns and went to the country, where the air was purer. It was so lovely in the country: the sky was blue; the trees were full of leaves, in the garden one felt smell of flowers.
I usually go to the country in the summer. There is a river near the house where I live. Every day we went to the river. The water was not very deep, it was clear and quite cool. It was pleasant to bath in the river on a hot summer day.
Summer is the time of harvest. Peasants were busy in the fields. They prepared hay cutting down long grass and tossing it about on the field that the wind and sun might dry it. When the corn became ripe, they reaped and gathered it.
This summer our students had their practice at a collective farm. They worked in the fields helping the peasants in preparing and laying on fodder for the animals.
Summer is my favorite season. I love nature and enjoy country-life by any opportunity.
Exercise 2. Using a text material tell about how you have spent summer.
Lesson 2
Domestication of Animals
Animals accompanied people always. Domestication of animals is more than taming. The habitat of the domestic animals is restricted, protection assured, food supply maintained and their breeding is done under human management and control.
In general animals have been domesticated for the following three purposes: as a source of food, clothing, etc., as assistants used in various human activities, or as pets.
The origin of domestication dates from the ancient times. The dog is likely to be most widely distributed and variably used domesticated animal. It assists hunting, draws sledges in Northern regions of Russia and America, a hairless type is bred for producing food in Mexico and elsewhere, while the specialized purposes for which dogs have been used are too numerous to mention.
Cattle are the most important of the animals domesticated by man, and next to the dog the most ancient. Domesticated cattle belong to the family Bovine, which also includes the buffalo, the bison, yak, zebu and some others. Cattle were at first used and developed as draft animals and as suppliers of milk. Only later they have been raised to be eaten. The horse was perhaps domesticated in Central Asia, where Przhevalsky horse is still found wild today, and from there is spread rapidly all around the world.
In addition to the animals mentioned above there are some other animals that have been successfully domesticated by man. After sheep and goats there are camels, fowls, bees and others.
Great physical changes have taken place in animals domesticated. Now they differ considerably in color, form, size etc. from their related wild forms. Great experience has been gained in improving stocks by the scientists, using selection, crossbreeding and inbreeding.
Some possibilities for domestication may still exist. Perhaps fur-bearing animals, such as mink and foxes are now being domesticated in the same slow way as cattle and sheep were many thousand years ago.
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Vocabulary List
taming ,
domestication -
habitat (n) restrict (v) -
purpose (n)- source (n)-
origin (n) -
distribute (v)
hunt (v) - sledges (n)-
breed (v) (bred) breeding-
fowls (n) - bees (n)-
draft animals
fur-bearing animals -
raise (v) improve -
Exercise 1. Translate the text "Domestication of Animals".
Exercise 2. Give the Russian for:
Sheep, buffalo, bison, cattle, fowls, bees, mink, foxes.
Exercise 3. Give examples of animals that are:
a) people¢s friends
b) people¢s enemies.
Exercise 4. Say what kinds of animals are there in the Zoo in your native town.
Lesson 3
A. Mineral Requirements for Growth
As the large amounts of minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus are required to build the skeleton and other parts of the body, normal growth cannot be expected unless the ration amply meets these mineral needs. A lack of minerals may be much more serious to a young animal than a lack of total digestible nutrients.
If the ration is very deficient in calcium or phosphorus rickets may result, and the animal may be permanently crippled or deformed. Also, the skeleton may be seriously reduced in strength, and the bones may be so fragile that they will break under ordinary stresses and strains in later life.
For calves, lambs and foals the best insurance against a lack of calcium is to feed sufficient legume hay throughout the winter and to provide good pasture during the growing season. Well-cured legume hay has not only an abundance of calcium; also sun-cured hay is the best source among common feeds of vitamins, which the animals must have in order to assimilate the calcium and phosphorus in their rations.
If suckling pigs are not on pasture, there may be anemia which is caused by a lack of iron.
Vocabulary List
require (v) , -
amply (adv) -
to meet the needs -
a lack of something - (- )
digestible ()- ,
nutrient (n)-
rickets (n)- crippled (p.p.) -
fragile () - ordinary () -
insurance (n)-
stress (n) - iron (n)-
foal (n) - legume (n) - ,
throughout the winter - pasture (n)-
well-cured hay -
suckling pigs - -,
Exercise 1. Translate and render the contents of each paragraph of the text.
Exercise 2. Answer the questions:
1. What is required to build the skeleton and other parts of the body?
2. When may rickets result?
3. What is the best insurance against a lack of calcium?
4. What is a good source of calcium?
5. What can a lack of iron cause in suckling pigs?
Exercise 3. Translate following sentences into English:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. , .
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7. .
