) 1. Today scientists are still looking for the substance as a source of energy.
2. The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements.
) 1. Synthetic rubber products were developed between 1914 and the 1930s.
2. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.
2. Participle I Participle , .. , , -. .
1.Molecular crystals are solids constructed of molecules held together by relatively weak forces.
2. A body moving with certain velocity carries within itself the kinetic energy of motion.
3. While absorbing the energy of cosmic rays the upper atmosphere becomes radioactive.
4. Unless properly treated the metal must not be applied for space technology.
3. ; . .
1. Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other.
2. The computers should become an internal part of the organization of industrial processes of all types.
3..These metal parts had to be subjected to X-ray examination.
4. The chemists may use the reactor to analyse various substances for their exact composition.
3. 1- 3- . 2- 3- .
D.I. MENDELEYEV (1834-1907)
1. A Russian name appeared in 1964 on the honorary board of science at Bridgeport University, USA: Mendeleyev was added to the list of the greatest geniuses - Euclid, Archimedes, Copernicus, Galilei, Newton and Lavoisier. D.I, Mendeleyev, the explorer of nature, is the greatest chemist of the world. The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements and it has retained its key capacity until now.
2. D.I. Mendeleyev was the fourteenth, and last child of the Director of the gymnasium at Tobolsk. At 16 he was taken by his mother to St.Petersburg to seek higher education. He entered the Pedagogical Institute where his father has also studied. In 1856 he took a degree in chemistry and in 1859 he was sent abroad for two years for further training. He returned to St.Petersburg in 1861 as Professor of Chemistry.
3. In 1868 Mendeleyev began to write a great textbook of chemistry, known in its English translation as the "Principles of Chemistry". In compiling this, he tried to find some system of classifying the elements - some sixty in all then known - whose properties he was describing. This led him to formulate the Periodic Law, which earned him lasting international fame. He presented it verbally to the Russian Chemi- cal Society in October 1868 and published it in February 1869.
4. In this paper he set out clearly his discovery that if the elements are arranged in order of their atomic weights, chemically related elements appear at regular intervals.
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The greatness of Mendeleyev's achievement lies in the fact that he had discovered a generalization that not only unified an enormous amount of existing information but pointed the way to further progress.
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What can you say about the greatness of Mendeleyev'a discovery?
1. The greatness of Mendeleyev's achievement lies in the fact that his Periodic Table pointed the way to further progress in chemistry.
2. Mendeleyev had discovered several new elements.
3. Mendeleyev created the system of classifying chemical elements.
3
1. ; - - . . () .
) 1. The reactor is fast becoming a major source of heat and electricity.
2. Scientists have found ways of measuring the size and positions of bodies in the Universe.
) 1. Elements are transformed into other elements both by man and by nature.
2. The launching of Sputnik was followed by many achievements in science and engineering.
2. ; Participle I Participle II , .. , , -. .
1.These reactions convert hydrogen into helium, giving off a great amount of light and heat.
2. The formula E=mc deduced by Einstein is perhaps the most well-known equation in the world.
3. Soils containing too much sand or clay are of less value in agriculture.
4. Plastics articles are often difficult to repair if broken.
3. ; . .
1. Laser light can be used to transmit power of various types.
2. The application of digital () computers should include all forms of automatic control in science and industry.
3. These new materials had to withstand much higher temperatures than metals.
4. Ethylene gas may be obtained by cracking petroleum.
4. 1- 3- . 2- 3- .
LISE MEITNER (1878 - 1968)
1. In 1938, an Austrian physicist named Lis Meitner announced the splitting of the atom in the laboratory. That announcement confirmed once again the beginning of the Atomic Age. At that time Lise Meitner was one of the few persons in the world who had a thorough understanding of atomic energy and the uses which could be made of this great power.
2. Lise Meitner, the daughter of a lawyer, was born in Vienna on the 17th of November 1878. She grew interested in science when she read of the Curies discovery of radium. The example of Marie Curie showed that a woman was able to achieve something in science. Lise Meitner became the first woman in the history of the University of Vienna who earned her doctorate in physics.
3. In 1906 she went to the University of Berlin to continue her studies by attending the theoretical lectures of Max Planck and by doing experimental work. Then she began her research in the new field of radioactivity. She focused her attention on the behaviour of beta radiation from radioactive elements, experimenting with the primitive methods then available for measuring and analysing radioactivity. Meitner's work in the 1920s and early 1930s emphasized the physical aspects of radioactivity.
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4. In 1938 she left Germany for Sweden. Lise Meitner declined to work on the development of the atom bomb remaining in Sweden throughout the war. She was concerned with the properties of new radioactive isotopes, produced by the cyclo-tron. Her career was illustrious and productive5 (she published more than 135 scientific papers), but throughout her life she remained a shy person, with a deep interest in music. Her devotion to science had been total. She never married. In 1960 she moved to Cambridge, England, where she died in 1968.
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Why can we say that Meltner's career was illustrious and productive?
1. because she was concerned with the study of thermal conductivity in non-homogeneous bodies.
2. because she was measuring and analysing radioactivity.
3. because she published more than 135 scientific papers.
4
1. ; - - . . () .
) 1. Quantum mechanics has greatly influenced the nuclear theory.
2. The problem of the structure of matter is constantly occupying the minds of many scientists.
) 1. Today many polymeric materials are produced on a massive scale.
2. Many compounds can be decomposed when they are acted upon by different forms of energy.
2. ; Participle 1 Participle II , .. , , -. .
1. Natural rubber is a thermoplastic material that becomes soft when heated and hard when cooled.
2. Matter composed of any chemical combination of elements is called a compound.
3. The smallest particle having all the characteristics of an element is called an atom.
4. While bombarding the upper layers of the atmosphere, cosmic rays reach the surface of the earth.
3. ; . .
1. Heat can be divided into three different types.
2. A great number of plastics should find their applications in the electrical industry.
3. Chemical means had to be used for the separation of compounds into their elements.
4. Th existence of an X-ray laser in the future may be possible.
4. 1- 3- . 2- 3- .
CH.V. RN (1888-1970)
1. Raman was an Indian physicist, pre-eminent in molecular spectroscopy and acoustics. He created the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1934 and was its president until his death in 1970. He was justly considered the father of Indian science and the Indian Government honoured him with the first of its National Professorships. In 1957 he became an International Lenin Peace Prize Winner.
2. The son of a teacher and lecturer, Raman entered the College in Madras in 1903 and achieved the highest distinctions in the examinations for scientific degrees. As scientific research was at this time almost completely neglected in India, he then entered the Civil Service and was appointed to a position in the Finance Department in 1907. He retained this employment for ten years, mostly in Calcutta. When he was eighteen years old he published his first original optical research in the "Philosophical Magazine". He continued scientific work in his spare time: some thirty papers testified to his ability and energy and helped to make his name familiar to scientists in Europe and America.
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3. In 1917 Raman was offered the professorship of physics at the Calcutta University. He occupied the chair from 1917 to 1933. Raman brought to Calcutta many talented young Indians to undertake research into optical phenomena, acous--tics and other branches of physics.
4. During the years in Calcutta Raman emerged as a truly international figure. In 1930 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (for his work on the scattering of light and for discovery of the effect named after him). Raman was honoured by Universities and scientific institutions in Russia, Europe and America as well as in his own country.
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Why was Raman honoured by many universities and scientific institutions of different countries?
1. because he was awarded the Nobel Prize.
2. because he brought to Calcutta many young talented Indians.
3. because of his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of an effect named after him.
5
1. ; - - . , () .
) 1. Astronomers have measured the exact length of the day.
2. Astronomers find that the day is increasing by 0.002 seconds each century.
) 1. The chemical properties of an element are determined by the orbiting electrons.
2. As a rule one great discovery is generally followed by numerous others.
2. ; Participle I Participle II , .. , , -. .
1. The cloud chamber ( ) is one of the devices used to detect the presence of radioactivity.
2. Matter consists of one or a number of basic elements occurring in nature.
3. One can use several modern devices while detecting and measuring radioactivity.
4. When heated to a certain temperature, this alloy increases in volume.
3. ; , ; .
1.We can think of heat as a special form of kinetic energy.
2. A computer should solve complicated problems many millions of times faster than a mathematician.
3. New types of plastics had to be obtained for space technology.
4. To measure the vast distances between different planets scientists have to use special instruments.
4. 1- 3- . 2- 3- .
C.F. POWELL (1903-1969)
1. Powell was a prominent English scientist noted for his techniques and discoveries in particle physics. He was also deeply concerned with problems relating to the social responsibility of scientists. Powell was a leader in the World Federation of Scientific Workers in the mid-1950s and was a founder of the Pugwush Conferences on Science and World Affairs in 1957. As a public man and in his published articles Powell stressed the perils of destructive weapons and the need for international cooperation.
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2. Powell was born in December 1903 in England. His parents were poor and they were determined to give their children a good education to increase their opportunities for a better life. In 1921 Powell won a scholarship5 of one of the colleges at Cambridge which he graduated in 1925 with first-class honours in science. He started his scientific career at the Cavendish laboratory headed by Ernest Rutherford. After gaining his scientific degree at Cambridge in 1928 Powell accepted a position6 at the new Physics laboratory in the University of Bristol. Powell spent the rest of his career there advancing to professor in 1948 and director of the laboratory in 1964.
3. In 1947 Powell's Bristol group identified a new particle in the cosmic radiation. Powell and other two scientists discovered the p-meson and demonstrated that this sub-nuclear particle was produced directly in nuclear reactions and rapidly decayed in flight, producing the m-meson. The discovery solved a complicated scientific problem and helped to open a new era of particle physics.
4. Powell continued to develop and apply the photographic method of Bristol, His laboratory became the source of new experimental discoveries in meson physics and an international training centre for physicists of many countries. In 1950 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his development of the photographic method and his meson discoveries.
5. 4- . , ' :
For what discovery was Powell awarded the Nobel Prize?
1. for the role he played in the establishment of European Centre for Nuclear Research.
2. for his development of the photographic method and his meson discoveries.
3.for a new technique for detecting high-energy particles.
3
1
1. , - - (. ). .
1. When much material had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the article was published.
2. Electric cars will be widely used in future.
3. Today plastics are being applied for car bodies ( ).
4. This lecturer is listened to with great interest.
2. , it, that, one.
1. It is proved that light needs time to travel any distance.
2. One must take part in scientific work.
3. Specialists consider that in future city transport will reject gasoline.
3. , to be, to have, to do.
1. You have to come to the language laboratory of the Institute to work at your pronunciation.
2. This material does not possess elastic properties.
3. Scientists had to create new materials for industry.
4. The exam was to start in the morning.
4. , .
1. We know electricity produces heat.
2. The new materials the Russian chemists developed were used in space technology.
5. , .
1. It is necessary for Russian specialist to know a foreign language.
2. The Russian scientists were the first to construct and launch the space rocket.
3. Our idea was to design a new device for automatic control.
4. To increase the productivity of labour one must use the methods we have just described.
5. 1- 3- . 1- 2- .
THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY TRANSPORT
1. It has been a long time since train velocities first surpassed the 100 km per hour limit and they are now approaching 200 km per hour and even higher velocities in some countries. Is it possible to increase the speed with the help of the traditional wheel at the present stage in the development of transport facilities? Scientists and engineers in various countries have come to the conclusion that a new leap in velocity is possible only if the wheel is replaced with an air or magnetic cushion.
2. In Russia the Electrical Locomotive Engineering Research Institute is the leader in the development of high-speed ground transport. In collaboration with many other Russian research centers, it is carrying out an extensive programme on high-speed ground transport. The advantages of high-speed ground transport to be used in future are obvious. At present air and road transport bums three-fourth of all produced fuels, and the combustion process, naturally, affects the earth's ecology.
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3. The future trains must be ecologically clean and noiseless. It has been estimated that the cost of high-speed ground transport will be recouped three times faster than with the railways.
4. The high-speed ground transport will connect cities and industrial centers to airports. The first magnetic suspension train is not yet in operation, but its principle has found a way into technology.
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What kind of transport will connect industrial cities to airports?
1. electric trains
2. high-speed ground-transport
3. magnetic - suspension trains
2
1. , - - (. ). .
1. When much had been done in the study of ecology by our institute it became an important scientific center.
2. A curriculum of the new type of secondary school is offered by the Ministry of Education.
3. The research of planets will be developed with the help of cosmic apparatus.
4. This material is unaffected by solar radiation.
2. , it, that, one.
1. It is necessary to find new sources of cheap energy.
2. It was Einstein who came to the conclusion that the electromagnetic field is influenced by the gravitational field.
3. This metro station was opened last year, and that one will be put into operation in two years.
3. , to be, to have, to do.
1.Man had to learn to obtain electric power directly from the Sun.
2. At present most of the industrial enterprises have their own electric power stations.
3. Specialists do not use solar cells in industry as they are too expensive.
4. The engineers are to study the problem of using cosmic rays.
4. , .
1. The methods we have just described are very effective.
2. The instruments our plant produces help to automate production processes.
5. , .
1. The teacher told her students to learn the poem by heart.
2. The Russia was the first country to send man into space.
3. To translate a sentence is to discover its meaning.
4. The working people all over the world are uniting to fight the threat of a new war.
6. 1- 3- . 2- 3- .
SUN-DRIVEN ENGINE
1. It is common knowledge that certain metals and their alloys are attracted by a magnet. After heating this property vanishes; it is restored after cooling down. A new magneto - heat engine works on this principle. This invention relates to devices which transform thermal power, for instance, the power of the sun rays, into a mechanical power of rotation.
2. We know solar power is inexhaustible and its use does not harm the environment. That's why such importance is attached to the devices which make it possible to apply the idea of direct use of solar power, transforming it into mechanical forms of power. The development of an engine directly driven by a heat source such as solar power, makes it possible to simplify and make power generation considerably cheaper in comparison to the existing thermal engines we use today.
3. The rotor of the new engine is made of an alloy that loses its magnetic properties already at 100 . If the rotor is heated on one side, the cold side of the rotor will turn toward the magnet. Since heating continues, the rotor goes on rotating, too. Thus solar power can be used as a source of heat in this case. The magneto-heat engine can drive pumps in waterless districts can also be widely used for watering greenery in cities and settlements.
4. By using thermomagnetic alloys it is possible to develop a lot of automatic devices, for example, solar clocks, thermometers, etc. Mention should be made that these devices can withstand extreme temperatures. To organize the production of the necessary alloys is simple as there is no need for rare materials or complex technology.
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Why are thermomagnetic alloys used in the production of automatic devices?
1. they resist to acids.
2. they resist to heat.
4. they resist to pressure.
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1. , - - (. ). .
1. The radar has been used for the automatic control of ground transport.
2. Today plastics are being widely used instead of metals.
3. The construction of the dam has been completed this month.
4. The alloys were experimented upon in our lab.
2. , it, that. one.
1. It is the number of electrons within the atom that determines the properties of a substance.
2. The territory of Moscow is larger than that of London.
3. In London one must get used to the left-side traffic.
3. , to be, to have, to do.
1. Some substances do not conduct heat.
2. Our plant is to increase the output of consumer goods.
3. Soon our industry will have new and cheap sources of energy.
4. These computers will have to perform millions of operations per second.
4. , .
1. The hostel our students live in is situated not far from the metro station.
2. I think he has made a mistake in his calculations.
5. , .
1. They promised to supply us with the necessary equipment.
2. The purpose of this book is to describe certain properties of metals.
3. The experiment to be carried out is of great importance for our research.
4. To convert chemical energy into electrical energy we must use an electrical cell.
6. 1- 4- . 1, 2 3- .
WHAT IS A HOVERCRAFT?
1. Hovercrafts or cushion crafts are vehicles that support themselves a small distance above the ground or water surface on a cushion of air forced downward by vertical fans. Unlike road vehicles and boats, hovercrafts have no physical contact with the surface over which they float and, unlike aircraft, they are incapable of rising above this surface much over a foot or so.
2. As a vehicle the hovercraft requires three or four times as much power as an automobile or truck to operate. The same is true in comparison to boats and ships. On the other hand, cushion crafts require one half to one quarter the power needed to support an airplane or helicopter in flight.
3. Hovercrafts find application in those surface transportation tasks that cannot be done efficiently by automobiles, trucks, buses, trains, or boats. A hovercraft could ferry troops from conventional troopships to the shore at speeds over 60 mph. It would not be obliged to stop at the beach but would continue inland. Hovercrafts are used as ferries, taking passengers, cars and goods to and from the continent. Another application is for inter-island transportation in arctic waters, where winter ice often makes the waterways impassable for ship s and where the ice is not solid or smooth enough to permit the passage of trucks or sledges.
4. Hovercrafts are propelled in forward flight by various methods. The most efficient method is propulsion with air propellers, but the rotating propellers may form a serious hazard to passengers and operators. Another method is by tilting the machine as a whole in the direction of intended motion so that a part of the high-pressure becomes available for the forward movement. Sometimes a combination of various methods is used.
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How many methods are there to move the hovercraft forward?
1. only one most efficient method
