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1. The Big Ben clock weighs 13.5 tons.
2. Most of Londons places of interest are situated to the north of the river Thames.
3. Hyde Park covers 360 acres.
2 . , , (. 2).
1. The bus stop is not far from here.
2. Several Moscow University physicists work at this problem.
. There are only daylight lamps in this room.
3. , , :
1. One of the most famous buildings in England is St. Pauls Cathedral.
2. This room is smaller than that one.
3. The longer is the night, the shorter is the day.
4. , :
1. At some of the London Underground stations there are lifts, other have escalators.
2. Any student of our group can speak on the history of London.
3. No park in London is as popular as Hyde Park.
5. , - ; (. 3).
1. This student first came to Moscow in 1999.
2. The Port of London is to the east of the City.
1. In a few days she will leave for London.
6. 1- 7- . 1, 2, 3, 6 7- .
LONDON
1. London is the capital of Great Britain. It lies in the South East of England on both banks of the river Thames. London is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest port and industrial town in England. London is more than twenty centuries old.
2. The heart of the capital is the City. The territory of the City is only about one square mile, but it is the financial and business centre of the country. It contains almost all important English banks and offices.
3. The West End of London is famous for its beautiful monuments and palaces, fine parks, fashionable shops and big hotels. The East End is quite different from the West End. It is the district of factories, plants and docks. The narrow streets and poor houses of the East End present a contrast to the homes of the rich people in the West End.
4. There are many places of interest In London. One of them. is Trafalgar Square with the Nelson monument 185 feet high. Buckingham Palace is the royal residence. Westminster Abbey is one of the most beautiful buildings in London. It contains the memorials of many famous citizens of Britain.
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5. Across the road from Westminster Abbey are the Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British government.
6. The Tower of London is one of the most interesting places in London. It was a fortress, a royal residence, a prison, now it is a museum.
7. London is famous for its green parks. Hyde Park is the most popular of them. It is the greatest park in London as well.
8. London is the centre of the country's cultural life. There are many picture galleries and museums there. The National Gallery houses a priceless collection of paintings. The famous British Museum is one of the best museums in the world. In the library of the British Museum many famous people worked and gathered the material for their works.
7. 8- . ?
Who worked in the library of the British Museum?
1. Prominent scientists worked there.
2. A number of writers gathered materials for their works there.
3. Many famous people worked and gathered the material in the library of that museum.
2
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1. Now Moscow's boundaries expanded considerably.
2. There are many new industries in Moscow now.
3. Moscow exports a great variety of goods.
2. , , (. 2).
1. The students of our group will go to the state History Museum tomorrow.
2. There are many stadiums and sport halls in Moscow.
3. Moscow plants produce such goods as lorries, passenger vehicles, sea and river vessels, diesel locomotives etc.
3. , , .
1. Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world.
2. The more I thought of that plan, the less I like it.
3. Your translation is better than mine.
4. , .
1. The city has some fifty theatres, many concert halls and numerous cinemas.
2. Does he know any foreign language?
3. Any exhibit of this museum is valuable.
5. , - ; (. 3).
1. Today the population of Moscow is more than 8 million people.
2. The town developed quickly due to its favourable geographical position.
3. In two years my brother will become an engineer.
6. 1- 5- . 1, 2, 3 4- :
MOSCOW
1. Moscow was founded in 1147. The town developed quickly due to its favourable geographical position. In the 13-th century Moscow was ruined by the Tatar invaders and for many years payed tribute to the Tatar khans, but at the end of the 14-th century the Russian people rose against the invaders and defeated them.
2. In the 16-th century Moscow was an administrative and trade centre of the country and it became the capital of Russia.
3. At the beginning of the 18-th century the capital was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg, but Moscow continued to grow as a trading centre. With the invasion of Napoleon in, 1812 Moscow was destroyed by fire, but soon it was rebuilt. In 1918 Moscow became the capital of the country again. Now it is a great political, economic and cultural centre of Russia. The heart of the city is the Kremlin and Red Square. Moscow is a great industrial centre. More than 1.500 factories and plants are situated in the city.
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4. Today the population of the city is over 9 million people. It is one of the largest cities in Europe, Every day Moscow is visited by more than one million people.
5. Moscow is a great cultural centre. There are more than 80 institutes and colleges, 4000 libraries, about 315clubs more than 60 theatres and over one hundred museums in Moscow. Moscow is famous for its historical monuments, beautiful parks and also its metro. Moscow metro was built in 1935. It has over one hundred stations. The metro lines are 200 km long. Every day more than 5 million passengers are carried by underground trains. There are a lot of sport facilities in Moscow.
7. 5- . , :
How many people visit Moscow every day?
1. Moscow is visited by 5 million people every day.
2. Moscow is visited by more than one million people every day.
2. Moscow is visited by many people every day.
BAPAHT 3
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1.The lecturer gave several examples of the Sevastopol scientists' international ties.
2. The foundation of Sevastopol dates back to 1783.
3. The author mentions this phenomenon in his article.
2. , , (. 2).
1. His father was one of the leaders of the partisan movement during World War II.
2. The reporter spoke about the peace programme in the world.
3. Not long ago our family moved into a large three-room flat.
3. , , .
1. The more I studied the English language, the more I liked it.
2. My friend is one of the best students of our group.
3.This room is smaller than that one.
4. , .
1. No student of that group studies Spanish.
2. Some five hundred people were present at the meeting.
3. Have you any books on chemistry?
5. , - ; (. 3).
1. The dean will come here later.
2. The student made no mistakes in his translation.
3. Plasma is the fourth state of matter.
6. 1- 6- . .
SEVASTOPOL
1. In translation from the Greak Sevastopol means"a magnificent city", "a city of glory". That is really so. Sevastopol's history has many glorious chapters. Everybody knows about the defence of Sevastopol during the Crimean war (1853-1856). The sailors, soldiers and the entire population fought against the enemy. Lev Tolstoy wrote about it in his "Sevastopol Sketches".
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2. We know and remember the defence of Sevastopol in the Great Patriotic War. It continued for 250 days and cost the nazi invaders 300,000 officers and men.
3. After the fascist invasion Sevastopol was in ruins. There were only a few buildings in the centre of the city. Today Sevastopol stretches for dozens of kilometres.
4. Sevastopol is a naval city. Its yards () build passenger ships and repair merchant vessels. They build powerful floating cranes as well.
5. Sevastopol is also a research centre. Scientists of the country's oldest Institute of Biology of Southern Seas investigate the World Ocean. They have modern expeditionary ships at their disposal.
6. A museum-city is yet another name of Sevastopol. Monuments of culture, memorials, obelisks and sculptural groups from an organic part of its image.
7. There is an entry in the visitors' book of the Panorama of the 1854-1855 defence of Sevastopol: "Malakhov Hill is a small hill, but what a good view opens from it of Russia, the entire history of its people and their historic exploit.
7. 7- :
What is the entry in the visitors' book of the Panorama of the 1854-1855 defence of Sevastopol?
4
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1. The first mention of the city on the Volga dates back to 1589.
2. The doors of the Volgograd Young People's Theatre are always open to children of school age.
3. Both Russian and foreign artists take part in the performances of the Volgograd circus.
2. , , ( 2).
4. During its four-century-old history the city experienced several dramatic events.
2. Volgograd is now a five-sea port.
3. The 40-meter-high arch which is the entrance to the Volga-Don Navigation Canal rises in the south of Volgograd.
3. , , .
1. The Volga Hydro-Electric Power Station is the biggest in Europe.
2. The more experiments we carry out, the more data we obtain.
3. Volgograd is one of the most beautiful cities in Russia.
4. , .
1. Any monument in Volgograd has its own history.
2. Nobody knew anything about this experiment.
3. The names of some streets and squares are living history of the heroic city.
5. , - ; (. 3).
1. Volgograd rose from its ashes more beautiful than before.
2.The entire country took part in the restoration of the hero-city.
3. The beautiful modern city of Volgograd is the best monument to the heroes who defended the city on the Volga during the Great Patriotic War.
6. 1- 4- . 2, 3 4- .
VOLGOGRAD
1. Volgograd stands on the beautiful Volga. The city is more than four hundred years old. The rapid development of industry and trade, river and railway transport, in the 19th century led to the intensive growth of the city. The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 earned the city the immortal glory of a hero-city.
2. The entire country participated in the restoration of the hero-city. The heroic labour of millions of people helped the city to rise from its ashes. And the best monument to the heroes who defended the city on the Volga is the beautiful modern city, wide squares and prospects, its parks and gardens. The city grows from year to year.
3. Today Volgograd is one of the biggest industrial centres: many industrial enterprises, large and small, function here. An endless stream of steel, aluminium, oil and steel cables, tractors, medical equipment and building materials, river boats and chemical products flows day and night from the ports and railway terminals of Volgograd to all corners of our country and abroad.
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4. The Volga Hydro-Electric Power Station is the biggest in Europe. The total capacity of its aggregates exceeds 2.5 mln kilowatts. The opening of the Volga-Don Navigation Canal meant the realization of an age-long dream of the people to join
two great rivers - the Volga and the Don. Volgograd is now a port of five seas.
5. Volgograd is also a cultural centre. There are higher secondary educational institutions, a lot of vocational schools and schools of general education there. Many foreign students from the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America live and study in Volgograd. There are some theatres, a circus and a planetarium in the city.
7. 5- :
Who studies in educational institutions of Volgograd?
5
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1. In Washington the streets that go from east to west are named after letters of the alphabet.
2. A well-known scientist works at this plant.
3. The worker's hostel is within 20 minutes' walk from the plant.
2. , , ( 2).
1. There are many government offices in Washington.
2. We have a large State library in our city.
3. The scientists developed new synthetic rubber products.
3. , , .
1. The White House is maybe one of the most beautiful places in Washington.
2. The longest and the biggest streets in Washington are named after American States.
3. Automatic devices make labour safer and easier.
4. , .
1. We saw no skyscrapers in Washington.
2. Almost any building of Washington is attractive.
3. There are some museums in Washington.
5. , - ; (. 3).
1.Washington is very green and peaceful city.
2. G. Washington led the American army in many battles during the War for the American Independence.
3. places in Washington will tell you about the history of the city.
6. 1- 6- . 1, 2, 3 5 .
WASHINGTON
1.Washington, the District of Columbia (D.C.), does not, belong to a state. It is a city and the District of Columbia. It is located on the East Coast. It was chosen by George Washington as the permanent site for nation's capital on December 1, 1800. Washington was the first person to be elected the President of the USA. He was born in Virginia, just south of Washington, D.C.
2. In Washington the streets that go from east to west are named after letters of the alphabet. The streets that go north and south are numbered. The longest and the biggest streets are named after American states. The city is very green and peaceful. There are a lot of beautiful places where you can relax and enjoy yourself.
3. Washington is a special city. Most of the people in Washington work for the government and there are many government offices there.
4.Washington is full of places where you think about history. In its museums and the Capitol you can learn a lot about the first settlements in New England. You will learn about Christopher Columbus and his sailors and about America's fight for independence. Washington is a busy city. The streets are never empty.
5. The Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson. He was the third President of the USA. There are the Jefferson Memorial built in honour of T. Jefferson. You can see the Lincoln Memorial. He became the sixteenth President
of the USA in 1861. Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation which freed the blacks in the South from slavery. Inside the memorial is a huge statue of the former president.
6. There is the National Air and Space Museum. Here you can see the history of flight, from the first plane flown by the Wright brothers to the Apollo spaceship. The majestic building is the Supreme Court.
7. 6- :
What can you see in the National Air and Space Museum?
2
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) 1. Russian chemical science is successfully solving many complex problems.
2. Radio astronomy has given mankind efficient means for penetration into space.
) 1. Becquerel's discovery was followed by an intensive research work of Marie and Pierre Curie.
2. Heat energy is transmitted in two different ways.
II. ; Participle I Participle II , .. , , -. .
1. Nylon was the first synthetic fibre used in clothing.
2. The atoms forming our planet are built of negative electrons, positive protons and ordinary neutrons.
3. This kind of treatment when used makes the metals heat-resistant.
4. When passing through an electroscope X-rays cause its discharge.
3. ; . .
1. One object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.
2. Mass can also be defined as a measure of inertia.
3. Man-made satellites had to use solar cells as a source of power.
4. Plastics should be reinforced by different kinds of fibres (to reinforce - , ).
4. 1- 3- . 2- 3-
HERMAN HELMHOLTZ (1821-1894)
1. Herman Helmholtz is celebrated for his contributions to physiology and theoretical physics. A delicate child, Helmholtz early displayed a passion for understanding things, but otherwise developed slowly, and had no marked early talent for mathematics. Although he wished to study physics, he was persuaded by his father to take up the study of medicine, entering the Medical Institute at Berlin in 1838.
2. His researches into physiological optics began about 1850 with the discovery of the ophthalmoscope (185l), followed by investigations into colour, including the problem of colour-blindness. He also made fundamental contribution to the understanding of the structure and mechanism of the human eye.
3. Helmholtz's first and most celebrated paper in theoretical physics was his article on the conservation of force. In this paper he proved the conservation of total energy of a system of particles which were interacting through central forces depending only on the masses and separations of the particles. Other important work in theoretical physics included the famous paper on vortex motion (1858), and the application to electrodynamical problems.
4. Helmholtz was undoubtedly the most versatile of nineteenth-century scientists. From 1871 onwards he was perhaps more famous as a theoretical physicist than as a physiologist, but it seems probable that apart from his work on the conservation of energy he will ultimately be remembered more for his epoch-making researches in physiological optics and acoustics in which his talents as physiologist, physicist, mathematician and experimentalist of genius were most vividly displayed.
5. 4- . , :
For what researches will Helmholtz be remembered?
1. for his celebrated paper in theoretical physics.
2. for his epoch-making researches in physiological optics, and acoustics.
2. for his paper on vortex motion.
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