If you dont know, find the answer in the text. What information was new for you? Share your opinions if oil and gas can be formed nowadays.
Translate the following derivatives
1) Sediment (sedimentary, sedimentation)
2) To accumulate (accumulative, accumulator, accumulation)
3) To move (move, movable (moveable), movement)
Glossary
1. Remains (of smth) 1. the parts of ancient objects and buildings that have survived and are discovered in the present days; 2. the body of a dead person or animal.
2. to decay to be destroyed gradually by natural processers; to destroy smth in this way.
3. Compound a thing consisting of two or more separate things combined together.
4. Sediment the solid material that settles at the bottom of a liquid.
Translate the text using the given vocabulary.
Anticline heating oil
Cap rock impermeable
Compound , kerosene
Consumption layer
Crude oil limestone
To decay marble
To distill , petroleum
To drill down pinching out
Enormous , porous ,
To exert pumping
Exploration remains
Faulting reservoir rock -
Fine-grained sandstone
Fold , sedimentary
Folding shale
Formation , silt
Gasoline . to trap
To gush out well
| How Oil Drilling Works |
Offshore oil rig
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Crude oil gets refined into gasoline, kerosene, heating oil and other products. To keep up with our consumption, oil companies must constantly look for new sources of petroleum, as well as improve the production of existing wells.
How does a company go about finding oil and pumping it from the ground? You may have seen images of black crude oil gushing out of the ground, or seen an oil well in movies and television shows like Giant, Oklahoma Crude, Armageddon and Beverly Hillbillies. But modern oil production is quite different from the way it's portrayed in the movies. In this article, we will examine how modern oil exploration and drilling works.
Forming oil
Oil is formed from the remains of tiny plants and animals (plankton) that died in ancient seas between 10 million and 600 million years ago. After the organisms died, they sank into the sand and mud at the sea bottom.
| Tiny sea plants and animals died and were buried on the ocean floor. Over time, they were covered by layers of silt and sand. | Over millions of years, the remains were buried deeper and deeper. The enormous heat and pressure turned them into oil and gas. | Today, we drill down throw layers of sand, silt and rock to reach the rock formations that certain oil and gas deposits. |
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| Oil reservoir rocks and natural gas can be trapped by folding (left picture), faulting (middle picture) or pinching out (right picture) |
Over the years, the organisms decayed in the sedimentary layers. In these layers, there was little or no oxygen present. So microorganisms broke the remains into carbon-rich compounds that formed organic layers. The organic material mixed with the sediments, forming fine-grained shale, or source rock. As new sedimentary layers were deposited, they exerted intense pressure and heat on the source rock. The heat and pressure distilled the organic material into crude oil and natural gas. The oil flowed from the source rock and accumulated in thicker, more porous limestone or sandstone, called reservoir rock. Movements in the Earth trapped the oil and natural gas in the reservoir rocks between layers of impermeable rock, or cap rock, such as granite or marble. These movements of the Earth include:
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Folding Horizontal movements press inward and move the rock layers upward into a fold or anticline.
Faulting The layers of rock crack, and one side shifts upward or downward.
Pinching out A layer of impermeable rock is squeezed upward into the reservoir rock.
Ex. 1. Match definitions.
1. Shale
2. To deposite
3. To accumulate
4. Limestone
5. Fine
A. Made of very small grains
B. A type of white stone that contains calcium, used in building and in making cement
C. To gradually get more and more of smth over a period of time
D. (especially of a river or a liquid) To leave a layer of smth on the surface of smth, especially gradually over a period of time
E. A type of soft stone that splits easily into thin flat layers
Ex. 2. Find antonyms to the following words.
1. Thick A. Permeable
2. To decay B. Coarse
3. Fine C. Subtle
4. Affine D. Thin
5. Huge E. Enormous
6. Impermeable F. To rot, to decompose
Grammar
4 :
1.
| Infinitive | Past Simple | Past Participle (II) | Present Participle (I) | |
| I | II | III | IV | |
| regular | to work | worked | worked | working |
| irregular | to speak | spoke | spoken | speaking |
2.
| Present Participle (I) | Past Participle (II) | ||
| Indefinite | Active | Passive | changed 1. , 2. : II (PII) , .. invited , ( ) |
| changing 1. , 2. | being changed 1. , , 2. | ||
| Perfect | having changed | having been changed , |
Past Participle (II) Present Participle (I) 3 :
1. : PII a) This task was given to me yesterday.
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Passive voice = to be +PII
b) He has just gone away.
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Perfect forms = to have + PII
PI He is working very hard now (Continuous).
Progressive = to be +PI
2. : PII The text translated is very interesting for all of us.
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PI The girl listening to you so attentively is my sister.
, ,
3. :
PII
When asked you should translate. , .
PI
While listening to his report they made notes. , .
: The work discussed. , .
The books translated. , .
1. the matter obtained, the substance applied, the solids determined, the materials included.
2. the students reading, the girl describing, the book including, the teacher speaking, the event occurring, the scientist representing.
3. the workers doing, the work done; the property identified, the man identifying; the country represented, the delegation representing; the sample included, the programme included; a body possessing, the chemist applying.
, Past Indefinite ed -.
, , , , ed , , , , ?
- could not give a correct answer. ( ed - , )
The student asked
- a question. ( , .)
2 ed-, . :
The equipment test ed requir ed some improvement. ( ) .
Ex.3. , ed
: the materials test ed requir ed .
1. The work performed showed; 2. The results obtained showed; 3. The equipment tested required; 4. The problem solved proved; 5. The equation obtained resulted; 6. The experiment discussed proved; 7. The results obtained required.
Ex. 4. ed .
1. The equipment test ed requir ed further improvement.
2. The results obtain ed vari ed in some respects.
3. The techniques appli ed increas ed the rate of production.
4. The methods introduc ed receiv ed general recognition.
5. The experiment describ ed attract ed general attention.
6. The materials collect ed serv ed as valuable information.
7. The apparatus install ed show ed good performance.
8. The progress achiev ed result ed in a remarkable technical improvement.
9. The amount of heat generat ed depend ed on the quality of the fuel us ed.
Ex.5. , .
1. The war ruined many cities. There are no ruined houses in our cities.
2. Planned work gives good results. The professor planned all his lectures.
3. The institute admitted 150 students. Peter was one of the admitted students.
4. The candidate submitted his documents. All the submitted documents are in the office.
5. The schoolchildren made a fine model of a rocket. It was the first model made by children.
Ex.6. .
1. At our Institute there are several subjects(studied, studying).
2. Students(taking, taken) exams next week should come to the deans office.
3. The engineer(represented, deriving) this factory is a good specialist.
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4. The matter (derived, deriving) in this reaction will possess these properties.
5. Scientists (applied, applying) such methods obtain interesting results.
Ex.7. .
1. the energy possessed; a) ;
2. a lifted weight; b) ;
3. an isolated system; c) , ;
4. will respect to; d) ;
5. the given body; e) ;
6. uniformly accelerated motion; f) ;
7. the velocity acquired; g) ;
8. the forces of gravity. h) .
Lesson 3
| How Oil Drilling Works |
Searching for oil over water using seismology
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Locating Oil
The task of finding oil is assigned to geologists, whether employed directly by an oil company or under contract from a private firm. Their task is to find the right conditions for an oil trap the right source rock and reservoir rock. Many years ago, geologists interpreted surface features, surface rock and soil types, and perhaps some small core samples obtained by shallow drilling. Modern oil geologists also examine surface rocks and terrain, with the additional help of satellite images. However, they also use a variety of other methods to find oil. They can use sensitive gravity meters to measure tiny changes in the Earth's gravitational field that could indicate flowing oil, as well as sensitive magnetometers to measure tiny changes in the Earth's magnetic field caused by flowing oil. They can detect the smell of hydrocarbons using sensitive electronic noses called sniffers. Finally, and most commonly, they use seismology, creating shock waves that pass through hidden rock layers and interpreting the waves that are reflected back to the surface.
The shock waves travel beneath the surface of the Earth and are reflected back by the various rock layers. The reflections travel at different speeds depending upon the type or density of rock layers through which they must pass. The reflections of the shock waves are detected by sensitive microphones or vibration detectors hydrophones over water, seismometers over land. The readings are interpreted by seismologists for signs of oil and gas traps. Although modern oil-exploration methods are better than previous ones, they still may have only a
10-percent success rate for finding new oil fields. Once a prospective oil strike is found, the location is marked by GPS coordinates on land or by marker buoys on water.
Vocabulary
| beneath , ; boundary , ; conductor pipe ; core , ; crew ; cuttings ; density ; to dig , ; drilling mud ; drilling rig ; | feature, ; hole ; hydrocarbon ; hydrophone , ; inland ; to level ; to line ; marsh , ; offshore ; pit ; | remoteness ; satellite (); shallow ; soil , ; strike . ; success rate ; to survey ; temporarily ; trap ; wilderness . |
Warm up
1. Do you know how oil is found?
2. Do you know any ways of finding oil? (if you do not know find the answers in the text when reading)
Ex. 1.
1) to assign assignation, assignment
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2) to employ am employ, employable, employee, employer, employment
3) to measure measure, measured, measureless, measurement, measuring cup (jug, tape)
4) to help help, helper, helpful, helping, helpless, help-line, help-mate
5) to create creation, creationism, creative, creator, creature
6) to reflect reflectance, reflection, reflective, reflectivity, reflector
7) to depend dependable, dependant, dependence, dependency, dependent
Ex. 2. Glossary
1. to assign 1) to give sb. sth. That they can use, or some work or responsibility
2) to provide a person for a particular task or position
2. to measure - to find the size, quantity, etc. of smth. in standard units
3. to cause to make smth happen, especially smth bad or unpleasant
4. density the thichness of a solid, liquid or gas measured by its mass per unit of volume
5. exploration 1) the act of travelling through a place in order to find out it or look for smth in it
6. surface the top layer of an area of water or land
Ex. 3. Find definitions
1. to employ to give smb a job to do for payment
2. soil the top layer of the earth in which plants, trees etc. grow
3. terrain used to refer to an area of land when you are mentioning its natural features, for example, if it is rough, flat, etc (difficult/ rough/ mountainous, etc. terrain)
4. to create to make smth happen or exist
5. to hide to put or keep smb or smth in a place where they/ it cannot be seen or defend
6. to reflect (us. passive) to throw back light, heat, sound etc. from a surface
7. speed rate of movement/ action, the rate at which smb/ smth moves or travels
Ex. 4 Find synonyms
1. soil clay land earth dirt ground
2. to measure to match up, to access, to sniff to smell
3. to help to assist
4. to hide to cancel cover disguise mask - camouflage
5. speed rate pace - step
6. to obtain to get smth
Forming oil
Ex. 1 Warm-up
1) What is oil? What kind of oil do you know? When was it formed?
2) Do you know how oil is formed?
3) Have you ever seen or smell oil?
Possible answer: oil is a fossil fuel that can be found in many countries around the world. If you do not know, find the answers in the text.
What information was new for you? Share your opinion if oil and gas can be formed nowadays?
Ex. 2 Give definitions
