1. Боб Кан винайшов засіб передачі даних через глобальну мережу.
2. Перша спроба з’єднати два комп’ютери була зроблена дослідниками Каліфорнійського університету.
3. Випускник Оксфордського університету спорудив перший сервер для зберігання архіву.
4. Перший електронний лист був висланий з комп’ютера на комп’ютер у двох американських університетах.
5. Міністерство оборони США створило комп’ютерну мережу під назвою Арпанет.
Grammar: Conditionals.
Ex. I. Read the text and point out the conditional sentences. Explain the difference in the two types of the conditionals:
Jack London was late with a story, which he had promised to the editor of New York magazine. The editor of the magazine whose first name was Dick was a friend of the writer’s so he tried to be very patient with him. He asked London for the story several times and very politely but it was no good. At last the editor could wait no longer, and he sent an angry note to the author. The note read as follows, “Dear Jack, if I don’t get the story tomorrow, I’ll come up to your room and kick you downstairs, and I always keep my promises”.
London replied, also in writing, and his note read as follows, “Dear Dick, if I did my work with my feet, I’d keep my promises too”.
(Jack London, 1876 – 1916, famous American novelist and story writer).
Gladstone once saw a beautiful painting of a nobleman in a shop where pictures were sold. He liked the portrait very much, but the price of the painting was so high that he could not afford to buy it.
Some weeks later he was invited to a friend’s house. His host greeted him and took him into the sitting-room. Suddenly Gladstone saw a wonderful painting on the wall in front of him and he went towards it to have a better look. Then he realized that it was the portrait of a nobleman he had liked so much in the picture shop, but had not been able to afford.
Seeing Gladstone’s interest in the painting, his host came up to him and said, “One of my ancestors”.
“If the portrait had cost fifteen pounds less, he would have become one of my ancestors”, Gladstone replied.
(William Ewart Gladstone,1809 – 1898, English statesman, Prime Minister of England)
Ex. II. Read the explanation about the use of conditionals and name the tenses to be used in each structure. Translate them into Ukrainian:
We can use if with many different structures. Here are the most common cases:
| 1. If he asks me, I’ll help him. | Open present or future conditional. |
| 2. If he asked me, I would help him. | Unreal present or future conditional. |
| 3. If he had asked me, I would have helped him. | Unreal past conditional. |
| 4. If he asks me, I always help him. | General conditional. |
Note: In type 2 sentences “were” is used for all persons. Example: If I were you I wouldn’t mention it.
Ex. III. Put the verbs into the correct form will/won’t or the present simple.
1. If I …..(have) time, I … (go shopping) this afternoon.
2. I’m sure you …(enjoy) the film if …(see) it.
3. If we … (leave) now, we … (not be) late.
4. If we … (miss) the bus, we … (take) a taxi.
5. What … (she/do) if she … (fail) the exam?
6. If you … (need) any help, … (you/tell) me?
7. If Simon … (not apologize) to me, I … (not speak) to him any more.
Ex. IV. Put the verbs into the correct form: the past simple or would …
1. Simon would like to buy some new clothes but he hasn’t got much money. He says: “If I (have) more money, I (buy) some new clothes”.
2. You would like to buy some shoes, but you think they are too expensive. You say: “I (buy) them if they (not be) so expensive.”
3. Peter is thinking of buying a new record. Sally thinks the record isn’t very good. She says: “I (not buy) it if I (be) you”.
4. Sarah would like to write to her friend, Alan, but she has lost Alan’s address. She says: “If I (know) Alan’s address, I (write) to him”.
5. Andrew’s older brother, Simon, still lives at home. Andrew says: “If I (be) Simon’s age, I (not live) at home”.
6. Mike lives in London, but he doesn’t like living there. You ask him: “Where (you/live) if you (can) live anywhere?”
Ex. V. Put the verbs into the correct form: the past perfect, or would (n’t) have + past participle:
1. She … (speak) to you she (see) you.
2. If I (not/be) so busy yesterday, I would have visited you.
3. I you had seen the film, you (enjoy) it.
4. She would have gone to university if she (have) the opportunity.
5. If he had been more careful, he (not/have) an accident.
Ex. VI. For past events, which have a result continuing in the present, it is possible to mix Conditionals, i.e. unreal present with unreal past. Use the pattern to make some more sentences using the prompts below:
Example: If you had studied hard, you wouldn’t be so busy now.
Save money/ have better life
Decorate the room/enjoy staying in
Apologize/feel good
Listen to /not be unhappy
Win the prize/be well off
Exercise earlier/be fit
Rain yesterday/ground be dry
Oral practice: The Roles of Managers
Ex. I. Describe your expectations after graduating from the university. What is your future job like? What qualifications do you need to be a good expert in the field?
