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1. , , .

 

 


  Active Voice Passive Voice
  Indefinite Gerund   asking reading   being asked being read
  Perfect Gerund   having asked having read   having been asked having been read

 

She likes reading detective stories.   .
He dislikes being interrupted. , .  
He thinks of going to the South. .

 


Perfect Gerund , -:


 

I remember having seen this film some years ago.   , .
I remember having been told about this film. , .

 

2. :

 

Reading scientific literature is useful. .

 

3. :

 

Reading fluently is very important. .

 

1. , .

2. , .

 

 

! , , , , .

 

1. ; :


 


Studying is the way to knowledge.   .
Reading books is useful. .

 

2. :


) ; .


 

The only way to know the distance is measuring it. .

 

) :

 

They began building houses. .

 

3. ( ); , :

 

He likes reading.   .
Thank you for your having come. , .  
We insisted on the meeting being put off. , .

 

4. :

) ; :

 

smoking room , ;
boiling point ;

 

) of for; :

 

I dont like his manner of reading. .  
There are different ways of obtaining this substance. .

5. ( in, on, upon, before, after, by, without, etc.); : ) ; ) ; ) .

 


After having obtained good results they stopped experiments. ) , . ) .  
In copying the text he made a few mistakes. ( ), .  
We enrich our knowledge by reading books. , .

 

! :

 


by , ,
for
through , -
before
after
without
in
on (upon) , ,
instead of
in spite of
in addition to
because of -
with a view to

 

:


In making observations  
Upon returning to the Earth

 

, :

 

to avoid
to delay , ,
to deny ,
to deserve
to dislike
to enjoy ,
to excuse ,
to finish ,
to forgive
to mention ,
to miss ,
to mind ( ) ,
to start
to stop ,
to practice ,
to postpone ,
to need ,
to want ,
to require
to suggest
to be busy -
to be worth , -
cant help ()
its no use

! to want, to need, to deserve, to require, worth (active gerund), :

My watch needs repairing.

 

! :

 

to be astonished at
to be disappointed at
to be surprised at
to assist in
to be interested in
to consist in
to result in ,
to succeed in ,
to approve of
to dream of -, -
to hear of ,
to inform of ,
to know of -, -
to speak of -, -
to think of -, -
to be afraid of
to be capable of ,
to be fond of
to be proud of
to be tired of
to count on (upon)
to depend on (upon)
to go on (upon)
to keep on (upon) -
to insist on (upon) -
to rely on (upon) ,
to get used to
to look forward to ,
to object to ,
to give up ,

 





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