Historians label the period in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries as the Renaissance a period of rebirth.
In the Renaissance Period the magnitude of scholarly and artistic activities was greatly enhanced in Europe. New knowledge was acquired which gave rise to new technologies, and the Industrial Age soon followed. The Industrial Age developed as mankind learned to harness the energy created from the burning of hydrocarbons, such as coal and petroleum. Mechanics emerged as a new science in universities.
Except for the magnetic compass, electric and magnetic energy remained a curiosity, having little practical application, until the invention of the battery by Alessandro Volta in 1800. This invention gave scientists a new tool with which to experiment, and soon the laws of electricity and magnetism were discovered.
In 1831 Faraday discovered that rotating a conductor in a magnetic field gave rise to an electric potential, and the electric generator and motor became a reality. However, the development of the electric power industry was really spurred by the invention of a practical incandescent electric light bulb in 1879 by Thomas Edison. The electrification of cities soon followed. Alternating current and the transformer allowed electric energy to be transported over large distances, and electrical engineering as a profession was born. The first professional society for electrical engineers was founded in 1884.
The discovery of the laws of electricity and magnetism in the 1800s also gave birth to two new information industries, the telegraph and telephone industries. However, the electric power industry remained a dominant force in the first half of the 20th century.
Two new non-electrical information industries were also created in the 1800s through advances in the chemical sciences. The photographic film process was perfected and the photographic industry was born soon to be followed by the motion picture industry.
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label, v ;
rebirth, n
magnitude, n , ;
,
scholarly and artistic activities
enhance, v , ,
acquire, v
give rise to ,
harness, v (
)
emerge, v ,
curiosity, n ; ,
law, n
spur, v ,
incandescent electric bulb
alternating current
direct current
advance, n , ,
I. Transcribe the following words. Consult the dictionary:
Europe, renaissance, compass, motor, technology, mechanics, society.
II. Mark the stress in the following words:
present to present,
increase to increase,
decrease to decrease,
progress to progress,
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process to process.
III. Read the following international words and guess their meaning. Consult the dictionary:
historian, period, activity, technology, industry, energy, mechanics, compass, battery, experiment, electricity, magnetism, potential, generator, motor, reality, electrification, transformer, distance, profession, information, telegraph, telephone, film.
IV. Translate the nouns with the suffix er (-or) derived from the verbs:
invent inventor
use user
transform transformer
generate generator
operate operator
develop developer
found founder
process processor
receive receiver
conduct conductor
V. Form nouns from the following verbs and translate them:
to label, to know, to develop, to create, to emerge, to invent, to discover, to generate, to electrify, to transport, to found, to inform, to power, to advance.
VI. Form adjectives from the following words and translate them:
electricity, industry, magnet, practice, chemistry, science, distance, reality, power, profession, photography.
VII. Match the adjectives and the nouns. Make up as many combinations as possible:
| adjectives | nouns |
| new industrial electric magnetic practical professional chemical | society generator motor potential field tool compass application energy science age technologies |
VIII. Make sure you know the terms below:
technology 1)
2)
3)
4) ;
5) , ;
technique(s) 1) , ; ,
2) ;
3) ;
engineering 1)
2)
3)
4) , ,
5)
6)
* * *
chemical engineering
civil engineering
communications engineering
electrical engineering
mechanical engineering
military engineering -
nuclear engineering
power engineering e,
railroad engineering
space engineering
general engineering subjects
IX. Read and translate the following word combinations:
a period of rebirth; to give rise to; to harness the energy; except for the magnetic compass; electric power industry; to be transported over large distances; electrical engineering; professional society; information industries.
X. Read the text The Birth of Electrical Engineering. Point out the most important discoveries mentioned in the text.
XI. Answer the questions below. Use the text.
1. What period do historians call the period of rebirth?
2. What age followed the Renaissance Period?
3. What is the development of the Industrial Age connected with?
4. Who invented the first source of continuous current? When?
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5. What did Faraday discover in 1831?
6. When did the electric generator and motor become a reality?
7. Who invented an incandescent electric lamp?
8. What gave birth to the telegraph and telephone industries?
9. What new non-electrical information industries were created in the 19th century?
XII. Translate the words given in brackets.
1. The discovery of the Voltaic cell gave scientists the basis ( ).
2. Mankind learned to harness the energy created from the burning of ( ).
3. Electric and magnetic energy remained ().
4. In 1831 Faraday discovered that rotating a conductor in a magnetic field ( ).
5. ( ) was spurred by the invention of a practical incandescent electric light bulb.
6. The first professional society for (- 1884 ).
7. The discovery of ( ) gave birth to two new information industries, the telegraph and telephone industries.
XIII. Translate the sentences with emphatic construction.
1. It was the battery that Alessandro Volta made in 1800.
2. It was the Renaissance Period which spurred the development of new technologies.
3. It was in 1831 when Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electro-magnetic induction.
4. It was Ampere who showed the difference between the current and the static charges.
5. It was in 1879 when Thomas Edison invented an incandescent electric lamp.
6. It was the 19th century which gave birth to electrical engineering.
XIV. Match the words and their definitions:
| a battery mechanics magnetism a transformer a conductor an electric light bulb | an electric lamp the science of magnetic phenomena and properties a portable cell for supplying electricity the science of motion and force an apparatus that increases or decreases the voltage of an electric power supply a substance that conducts heat or electric current |
XV. Make up the plan of the text The Birth of Electrical Engineering. Retell the text according to your plan.
XVI. Write in English.
1. .
2. .
3. , .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
XVII. Render in English.
| 1872 . .. . ; . . 18731874 . .. , , , . 1879 . . . 1909 . ( ), 3-4 . , (, ), . XX . . 1876 .. . , .. 1878 . . , , . | lighting incandescent filament lamp glass bulb carbon rod to heat to become fluorescent carbon filament tungsten wire to fill in an inert gas carbon arc lamp |
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XVIII. Speak about P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin, the two Russian inventors. The text given below will help you.
(1847-1923)
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(18471894)
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, , . : , , . . . , . , , . , . , . 23 1876 . . : , .
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