| ! (Participle I): ) ; ) ; ) . |
1. ; , .
| ! ing, , -; , . |
| - | I |
| Testing the motor is necessary. . | Testing the motor he saw many defects. , . |
2. , , ; when while.
| After testing the motor they put down the results. . | While testing the motor they put down the results. , . |
| There are several ways of producing electricity. . | The plant producing electricity is very powerful. , , . |
3. .
| The professor approved of my solving the problem. | . |
| We know of copper being the best conductor. | , . |
| EXERCISES |
I. A. Form the Gerund Indefinite Passive from the following verbs:
to write, to stop, to study, to make.
B. Form the Gerund Perfect Active and Passive from the following verbs:
to test, to send, to build, to leave.
II. Define the functions of the gerund in the following sentences. Translate.
1. Learning English is not an easy thing. 2. His friend began learning French. 3. Russian scientists played an important part in solving the problem of atmospheric electricity. 4. Studying nature without making observation is useless. 5. Any noise prevents me from working. 6. He doesnt like being praised, he is too modest. 7. We didnt mind her helping us. 8. Reading aloud can help you to improve your pronunciation. 9. In speaking about Moscow one has no choice but to quote long figures. 10. Muscovites have a special manner of walking, working, resting, communicating with each other. 11. You cant become a good specialist without being trained for a long time. 12. We heard of the experiment having been started last week. 13. They couldnt help using this information. 14. We succeeded in building a flexible system. 15. We are at the beginning of a new way of working, shopping, playing and communicating. 16. Lately some students have stopped writing and have begun pointing and clicking. 17. In fact, communicating with people is an obvious way to use the Web, and students are already doing it all the time from making dates to buying stocks and auctioning cars.
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III. Make up sentences according to the models
Model 1: I dont mind seeing the film again.
(to take part in the conference, to stay in the country for another week)
Model 2: I cant (couldnt) help smiling.
(to tell you about it, to laugh when I see him)
Model 3: The book is (not) worth reading.
(the question to discuss, the proposal to consider)
Model 4: Its no use doing it.
(to talk to them, to help him)
Model 5: Did you enjoy spending your holiday there?
(to watch the match, to visit the museum)
Model 6: I remember talking to him.
(to attend the lecture, to invite them to the party)
Model 7: We insisted on (his) going there.
(to make the report, to organize a conference)
Model 8: You can learn speaking English by speaking English.
(to read French, to swim)
Model 9: What about going to the club?
(to have a bite, to visit a museum)
Model 10: Instead of going home he went to the club.
(to answer my question to ask me his question, to do ones homework to look through magazines)
IV. Choose the right Russian equivalent.
1. Olegs refusing our help is regrettable.
a) , ; b) , ; c) ,
2. She is upset of her son being accused of bad conduct at school.
a) ; b) ; )
3. He apologized to the teacher for not having done his lessons.
a) , ; b) , ; ) ,
4. I dont like being asked such questions.
a) ; b) ;
)
5. The teacher was surprised at your having made so many mistakes.
a) ; b) ; )
V. Open the brackets using the proper form of the gerund.
1. I decided to do everything myself instead of (to ask) for help. 2. She succeeded in (to speak) English fluently. 3. Its no use (to cry) over spilt milk. 4. Science requires (to experiment). 5. (To define) a problem precisely requires patience. 6. We know of the work (to carry out) in this laboratory. 7. They insisted on the sample (to test) repeatedly. 8. He has developed a method for (to evaluate) this problem. 9. She turned pale on (to tell) the news. 10. Do you mind him (to examine) by a heart specialist? 11. I was angry at (to interrupt) every other moment. 12. The device needs (to repair).
VI. Explain the difference between the sentences in each pair. Translate them.
1. He insisted on going there. He insisted on our going there.
2. I dont mind cleaning the dishes. I dont mind her cleaning the dishes.
3. She is not interested in collecting stamps. She is not interested in his collecting stamps.
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4. We are fond of singing. We are fond of their singing.
VII. Find out the sentences with the gerundial construction. Translate.
1. The thunder is caused by heating the air by a spark. 2. A lightning conductor is a means of protecting buildings from the strokes of lightning. 3. We know of this house being destroyed by a stroke of lightning. 4. The professor knew about the students going to the power station. 5. Seeing is believing. 6. She cannot read English without consulting a dictionary. 7. His having asked such a question shows that he did not prepare the text. 8. I remember my having told her about the experiment. 9. Lomonosovs having studied atmospheric electricity contributed to the development of science. 10. There are many methods of learning a foreign language. 11. On coming home he began watching TV. 12 A lot depends on your making the right choice.
VIII. Translate the sentences. Mind the construction with the gerund.
1. Their having overheated the gas changed the results of the experiment. 2. The investigator mentioned his testing this material for strength. 3. We heard of our engineer having left for the international symposium. 4. We insisted on the experiment being repeated. 5. In spite of the gases being compressed they return to their original volume as soon as the applied force stops acting. 6. Newtons having stated the laws of motion is very important for modern science. 7. We knew of Newtons having developed the principles of mechanics. 8. We knew nothing of their having been met at the station. 9. Franklins having worked in the field of electricity is known all over the world. 10. They didnt know of his having been given new materials. 11. We know of Faradays having stated the law of electromagnetic induction. 12. We heard of the new computer having been put into operation.
IX. Complete the following by translating what is given in brackets. Use the gerund. Insert prepositions or other words where necessary.
1. Why do you deny ( )? 2. He will succeed ( ). 3. He couldnt get used ( ). 4. I dont feel ( ). 5. She gave up ( ) and started ( ). 6. Do you mind ( )? 7. We couldnt ( ) looking at her clumsy movements. 8. They were proud of themselves ( ). 9. Dont avoid ( ). 10. Excuse me ( , ).
X. Complete the following sentences using the gerund.
1. Do you prefer ? 2. Your clothes need . 3. Thank you for . 4. Do you mind . 5. He looks forward to . 6. We are tired of . 7. I dont object to . 8. What is your idea of ? 9. She is fond of . 10. They accused him of. 11. Who is responsible for .? 12. The teacher continued . 13. The article is worth. 14. Have you finished ? 15 The student is good at .
XI. Translate into English using the gerund.
1. , ? 2. , . 3. , . 4. , ? 5. , . 6. , , . 7. , - , . 8. , . 9. . 10. , .
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Text A. THE INTERNET
The Internet, a global computer network, embracing millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet switching. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet-switching network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi computer network, which was not knocked out during the Gulf War.
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Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet; there are millions, their number growing by thousands each month worldwide.
The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, having access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher.
In many developing countries the Internet may provide business people with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunication systems of these countries. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: a user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider. And part of the fee got by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations.
But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase. For example, some western architecture companies and garment centres already transmit their basic designs and concepts over the Internet into China, where they are reworked and refined by skilled but inexpensive Chinese computer-aided-design specialists.
However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many strong encoding programmes available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form of encoding, i.e. in the clear. But when it becomes necessary to send important information over the network, these encoding programmes may be useful. Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and technical problems, which will take time to be resolved.
======================VOCABULARY===================
| access, n | |
| communicate, v | |
| embrace, v | |
| encode, v | , |
| fee, n | |
| garment, n | |
| global/ worldwide network | |
| host, adj | |
| knock out | : |
| message, n | , |
| packet switching | |
| provider, n | : |
| reliable, adj | |
| route, n | , , |
| route around, v | |
| router, n | |
| send over, v | |
| survive, v | , |
======================================================
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I. Read the following international words. Guess their meaning. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
Computer, experiment, design, information, technology, million, popular, service, alternative, telecommunication, system, commercial, local, distance, architecture, company, centre, concept, specialist, problem, special, programme, technical.
II. Read and translate the following word combinations:
all over the world, to stay in touch, owing to, to survive a war, to pay a fee, to save money, computer-aided design, to send over.
III. Match the English phrases with their Russian equivalents:
| 1) global network | ) |
| 2) garment center | b) |
| 3) developing country | c) |
| 4) shortest path available | d) |
| 5) growing number | e) |
| 6) hourly fee | f) |
| 7) owing to this | g) |
| 8) to resolve problems | h) |
| 9) to receive messages | i) |
| 10) to intercept a message | j) |
| 11) to survive a nuclear war | k) |
| 12) to be in touch | l) |
| 13) to embrace millions of users | m) |
| 14) to count accurately | n) |
| 15) to communicate over | o) |
| 16) to increase drastically | p) |
| 17) to save money | q) |
| 18) to conduct transactions | r) |
| 19) to be directed to | s) |
IV. Read the text The Internet.
a) Find the English equivalents to the following Russian phrases:
, , , , , , , , , , , .
b) Find all the ing-forms in the text. State whether they are gerunds or participles. Define their functions.
V. Complete the following sentences. Consult the text The Internet.
1. Information sent over the Internet .
2. Any two computers on the Internet .
3. Nobody knows exactly .
4. The Internet may provide .
5. Commercial use of the network will greatly increase if .
6. Routers are .
VI. Agree or disagree. Give your reasons.
1. The Internet began in the United Kingdom in 1969.
2. If some computers on the network are knocked out information will route around them.
3. Most of the Internet host computers are located in more than 100 countries.
4. There are thousands of people using the Internet, and the number is constantly growing.
5. The most popular Internet service is e-mail.
6. Communication over the Internet is very expensive and unreliable.
7. Business people can make money from the Internet.
8. There is a possibility to get into any computer and change the data being sent over the Internet.
9. There are no encoding programmes available.
VII. Think and answer.
1. What is the Internet?
2. How did it start?
3. How many Internet users are there in the world?
4. What is the path of the information sent over the Internet?
5. What is the most popular Internet service?
6. Are the Internet services expensive?
7. Why is it possible to intercept or even change the data, while they are travelling to the point of their destination?
8. Is information sent over the Internet coded?
9. What can be done with the help of the Internet?
VIII. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. , .
2. , 1969 .
3. .
4. , , .
5. , , , .
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6. , , .
7. , .
8. , .
9. ? : ().
10. .
11. .
12. , .
IX. Think over the plan of the text The Internet. Write it down. Retell the text according to your plan.
